Models of Urban Land Use

Characteristics of Zone One (CBD) Concentration of nonresidential activities High property costs Characteristics of Zone Two (Zone of Transition) Transition between the CBD and purely residential areas Light industry and housing for the poor Characteristics of Zone Three (Residential Lower “Working” Class) Working class homes Housing less expensive here than in the outer rings Characteristics of Zone Four (Residential Middle Class) Larger and more expensive homes Middle-class residences Residents able to afford transportation to CBD Characteristics of Zone Five (Residential – Upper Class) Commuter’s zone Farthest away from CBD Residences for sleeping and leisure time activities Concentric Zone Model Created by E.W. Burgess (1924) Views cities as growing outward from a central area in a series of Concentric Rings It is dynamic (can change) as inner rings grow larger. Neighborhoods change through a process of invasion and succession. Poorer inhabitants drive wealthier residents further away from the central city.

Weaknesses Old Before Cars Where are the commuters? Decentralization? Physical Landscape? What else do you see as a weakness? Concentric Zone Model

“NEW” Sector Model Created by Homer Hoyt (1939) as a variant of the concentric zone theory Describes a city that develops in a series of sectors “wedges”, not rings New sector?

Sectors may be determined by environmental factors (e.g. bodies of water), or they simply may develop by chance. Districts attract like activities. “Filter down” residential Sector Model Land Model Use Video:

Art Break !!! Grab a white board and expo marker. Partner # 1 – Drawl and label the model created by E.W. Burgess Partner # 2 – Drawl and label the model that uses wedges

Multiple- Nuclei Model Developed by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman (1945) Stated that large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth, not just one Different types of people and activities cluster around each node. Nodes have specific functions (i.e.. Ports, universities, neighborhoods)

Multiple- Nuclei Model The multiple nuclei model explains that incompatible land use activities do NOT cluster in the same locations. The nodes, then, influence the type of development that occurs around them.

Common Elements: Concentric Zone, Sector & Multiple-Nuclei Models All Three Models: Based on Chicago, a city on flat land with only Lake Michigan to the east Include a Central Business District (CBD) Have residential areas with various levels of income

Urban Realms Model Author: James E. Vance Jr. (1960) City has been decentralized and edge cities are now the center of realms which surround the city. Main CBD is no longer as influential as it once was. Now urban realms have become, so large they even have “exurbs”, not just suburbs. Exurbs are suburbs that are, so far away from a city they really can’t be called suburbs any more. Exp: San Francisco Bay area

Let’s Do That Again - Art Break II Group 1 – Physically create the Multiple- nuclei urban land model. Group 2 – Physically create the Urban Realms land model. Be Creative !

Author: Griffin-Ford Combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. Quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, Slums aka favela located in outer rings Models Around the World – Latin American Cities

Models Around the World – Islamic (NASWA) Cities Author: H. Hourani and S. M. Stern (1967) Mosque at center Walls guarding their perimeter Open-air markets aka “bazar” Courtyards surrounded by high walls Dead-end streets that limit foot traffic in residential areas Examples: Mecca and Medina

Models Around the World – African (Sub-Saharan) Cities Author: Bill De Blij History of European Colonialism Europeans created prominent urban centers including ports along the coast. Central city is found to have three central business districts (CBDs): 1. Colonial CBD - vertical development 2. Market Zone - open-air, informal 3. Traditional CBD - traditional architecture Residential: ethnic and mixed neighborhoods, in which people have strong ethnic identities. Squatter settlements consist of poor neighborhoods “shantytowns”

Models Around the World – Asian Cities

Models Around the World – European Cities Author: Mainly Primate cities in Europe Everything is centered on this main city. Inability to build up as much due to a history of lower level buildings Wealthy heavily concentrated in inner rings Poor in suburbs with higher density buildings this encourages separation and is similar to US (shops schools worse in suburbs)

Grab a white board and an expo marker and lets get started!