Experimental Psychology PSY 433 Chapter 9 Conditioning and Learning (Cont.)

Maze Data (Both Labs)

Maze Errors (Both Labs)

Tests of Within-Subjects Effects Measure: MEASURE_1 SourceType III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. TimeSphericity Assumed Greenhouse-Geisser Huynh-Feldt Lower-bound Error(Time)Sphericity Assumed Greenhouse-Geisser Huynh-Feldt Lower-bound ANOVA (Repeated Measures)

Small-n Designs Behavior often cannot be studied in large groups (large-n designs) Small-n frequently used in therapeutic situations Reversal designs: ABA or ABAB A = baseline recording of behaviors B = introduction of treatment IV is essentially treatment / no treatment.

Example: Crying Behavior Bill crysAdults attend + Reinforcement Increases Removing the positive reinforcement (attention) extinguishes crying behavior.

FIG: Kanto7e 9-8, Hart data

Multiple Baseline Designs Observe different behaviors, before and after learning. Can be done two ways: Observe multiple behaviors in one individual -- like a within-subject design Observe a single behavior in different individuals – between-subjects Treatments are introduced at different times.

Example: Siblings Compared 3 pairs of autistic vs normal siblings Baseline -- observed target behaviors (counting, letter ID, etc) Treatment -- trained normal sib to reinforce behaviors of autistic sib DV -- number of correct performances of behaviors.

Changing Criterion Design Instead of comparing different people or different behaviors, progress in shaping behavior over time is measured. The target behavior needed for reinforcement is changed as a behavior is acquired. Range-bound changing criterion – instead of a target, a range for reinforcement is established. Distributed-criterion design – targets are spread across several behaviors.