Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections: Europe, Africa, and Asia

Unit III: Global Interdependence ( ) More regular contact between world’s regions Emergence of Nation-states Powerful weapons Efficient technologies Transportation Communication Types of Exchange Biological Commercial Technological/cultural

Motives for European Maritime Explorations Desire for basic resources/land Portuguese? Desire for new maritime trade routes to Asia Why? Zeal of Christian missionaries to convert new peoples How??? What new sailing and mapping technologies were used? Where did such technologies come from? How were such expensive adventures financed?

How did the search for spices lead to global exploration? Explorers sought sea routes to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) Quicker Avoided Arab middlemen Goods were cheaper because bought straight from the source

What motivated Prince Henry the Navigator? Gain converts to Christianity Make Portugal a world power Bartholomeu Dias 1488 Rounded southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Opened sea route to Asia Vasco de Gama 1497 Continued Dias’s route, all the way to India (Calicut) Established control of key ports along Indian Ocean Established 1 st sea route to Asia

Europeans Find Ways to Profit from the Lands They “Discover” Portuguese, British (BEIC), Dutch (VOC) Military technology Asian spices yield profits Set up trading-post empires Russians, English Establish settler colonies Spanish Claim Philippines Manila galleons transfer Spanish-Mexican silver to China (fuels Chinese economy)

Portugal’s presence in Asia Under Albuquerque’s command, Portuguese hoped to turn Indian Ocean into “Portuguese lake” Goa, India (1510) Malacca, East Indies (1511) Control spice trade for most of 1500’s Unable to establish long term presence in Asia Harsh conversion tactics cause backlash Lack resources to establish permanent settlements, defend outposts

What were the accomplishments of Christopher Columbus? Brings Western Hemisphere into global a global world Searching for ‘northwest passage’ to Asia Gained sponsorship from Spain’s Ferdinand and Isabella Called Native Americans of West Indies “Indians” Pope Alexander VI created Line of Demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

What was the significance of Ferdinand Magellan? Sought western route to Asia First European to round the southern tip of South America (Straits of Magellan) After 3 years at sea, crew became first to circumnavigate the world

How and Why does the African slave trade expand ? Europeans became involved in the slave trade Supply slaves to work on plantations in Americas African states expanded slave trade to meet European demand and gain wealth Asante, Oyo kingdoms grow as result

European presence in Africa expands Portuguese empire declines…other European empires take over those outposts Dutch establish first permanent settlement Cape Town, southern tip of Africa (1652) Boers: Dutch farmers Ousted, enslaved, killed natives Pushed natives further north, inter-tribal warfare results

How do the Dutch build up a strong presence in Southeast Asia? Use sea power to set up colonies Establish Dutch East India Company (1602) Sovereign—not controlled by the Dutch government Could wage wars, negotiate treaties, build armies, govern territories without Dutch gov’t approval Establish Permanent ties with locals/natives Concentrated more on trade than missionary work 1641: Dutch capture Malacca from Portuguese Dutch trade established with China Monopolized Spice Island trade Maintained colonies in Indonesia through 1900s

Why was Spain able to conquer the Philippines? Filipinos were not united as a people, so easily conquered Spanish missionaries converted population to Christianity Philippines becomes important link in Spanish trading network

Colombian Exchange HUGE Concept In World History!!! Transmission of…from Eurasia into Americas/Oceania Disease Plants Livestock Human migrants Decimated native populations New foods from the Americas fueled major pop. increases in Eurasia and Africa Fur-bearing animals nearly eliminated Slaves shipped across oceans Previously unconnected populations become dependent on each other (economic)

Columbian Exchange Americas Received Wheat Grapes Bananas Sugar Cattle Pigs Goats Chickens Horses Donkeys Small Pox Typhus * PEOPLE * Europeans Received Tomatoes Pumpkins Peppers Corn Potatoes Cassava Beans Cocoa Turkeys Squash Peanuts Silver * PEOPLE *

Unit III: Global Interdependence ( ) Who are the winners? Why? Who are the losers? Why?