EOC Review 2013 Session 2

Macromolecules Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. SC.912.L.18.1

Macromolecules Are large organic molecules Examples Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Lipids Fats, waxes and oils Stored energy insulation

Proteins Are made of amino acids Connected by peptide bonds Examples : enzymes Many functions aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

Carbohydrates Sugars, starches and cellulose Provide energy

Nucleic Acids Made of nucleotides Examples: DNA and RNA

Enzymes Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. SC.912.L.18.11

Enzymes Catalysts Proteins Speed up chemical reactions Lower activation energy Don’t get used up in the reaction Are specific to their substrates

Enzymes Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation Without Enzyme With Enzyme

Enzymes Enzymatic reactions environmental conditions Enzymatic reactions are very specific. The following environmental conditions affect enzymatic reactions: 1.Temperature (extremes most dangerous): - high temps denature enzyme. - high temps may denature the enzyme. 2.pH (most like pH - neutral) 3.Ionic concentration (salt ions)

Water Properties Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth’s suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent. SC.912.L.18.12

Water three A water molecule (H 2 O), is made up of three atoms --- one oxygen and two hydrogen. H H O

Properties of Water Cohesion Cohesion Adhesion Adhesion High Specific Heat High Specific Heat

Cohesion Attraction between particles of the same substance ( why water is attracted to itself)

Adhesion Attraction between two different substances. Attraction between two different substances. Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.. Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.. Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water. Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.

High Specific Heat Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling. Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling. Example: Temperature at the beach is warmer in the fall compared to temperatures in Cantonment because the water tends to take a longer time to cool down and heat up.

DNA REPLICATION Is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division) SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

DNA --> RNA --> Protein Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits) Central Dogma

Mitosis Cell Division or binary Fission Occurs in somatic cells ( body cells) Parent cells create daughter cells with the same chromosome number How many chromosomes will a daughter cell have if the parent cell has 36? Answer= 36

Mitosis What are the different phases?

Meiosis Process of creating sex cells or gametes occurs in ovaries or testes html html

Asexual VS. Sexual Sexual reproduction = biodiversity = crossing over in meiosis