Morphology, Part 2 HU2910 Summer 2011. Morphology & language types Analytic (Isolating) use unattached, separate morphemes no prefixes or suffixes (examples.

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Morphology, Part 2 HU2910 Summer 2011

Morphology & language types Analytic (Isolating) use unattached, separate morphemes no prefixes or suffixes (examples written in the International Phonetic Alphabet) from The Language Files by Ohio State U. (2004)

Morphology: language typology Analytic (Isolating) use isolated morphemes no prefixes or suffixes e.g., Mandarin Chinese [wø m\n tan tçin l\ ] I PL. play piano PAST ‘We played the piano.’

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating - Fusional - Polysynthetic

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating affixes easily separated from base each one has generally one meaning

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Agglutinating e.g., Hungarian [ø se:k- ´d ø ha:z-unk-bøn vøn ] the chair-your the house-our- in is ‘Your chair is in our house.’

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Fusional affixes fused by phonological processes not easily separated into separate forms or meanings

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Fusional e.g., Russian [tßita- j´t] read- 3/SG/PRES. ‘S/he is reading.’

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Polysynthetic several stems and affixes combined into one word usually a verb + nouns may = a whole sentence

Morphology: language typology Synthetic - Polysynthetic e.g., Sora (India) [µ´n - \dΩ- dΩa- dar- si- \m ] I not receive cooked-rice hand you(sg.) ‘I will not receive cooked rice from your hands.’

How do we get new words? Create (based on internal resources) Beg, borrow, steal? English is very accepting of new words. Word formation processes (WFP)

WFP 1) Affixation DerivationalInflectional unfaxablefaxed misfaxfaxes faxing

WFP 2) Zero Derivation (also called Conversion) Noun >Derived Verbfather butter ship nail

WFP 3) Stress Shift Verb>Derived Noun subjéctsúbject contéstcóntest survéysúrvey recórdrécord

WFP 4) Compounding (may be with or without space or hyphen; note characteristic shift to first syllable stress) fire + fly / / > firefly / \ lady + bug > ladybug air + conditioner > air conditioner self+determination > self-determination black + board > blackboard

WFP 5) Clipping (Note that class of word does not change: a Noun stays a Noun.) taxicabriolet>taxi, cab professor>prof mathematics>math

WFP 6) Acronyms (pronounceable; contrast with alphabetic intitalizations: USA, RCA, IBM ) NASA NATO radar sonar scuba

WFP 6) Acronyms NASA: National Aeronautics & Space Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization radar: RAdio Detection And Ranging sonar: SOund Naviation And Ranging scuba: Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

WPF 7) Blends smoke + fog>smog breakfast + lunch > brunch “portmanteau” words from Lewis Carroll: gyre, gimble chortle < chuckle + snort

WPF 8) Backformation (based on analogy, “folk etymology”: assumption that a shorter morpheme is contained within a longer word; usually a change of category) revision : revise :: television : _____

WPF 8) Backformation enthusiasm> enthuse donation>donate editor >edit orientation>orient (Brit. orientate) (Note: problem with current speakers: not knowing history of words)

WPF 9) Onomatopoeia (iconic sounds; “Batman words”) whoosh bang buzz splat

Cross-linguistic onomatopoeias Ideophone/phonosemantic

WPF 10) Suppletion (irregular paradigm) go, went (not goed)

WPF 10) Suppletion (irregular paradigm) go, went (not goed) < past tense of wend am, is, are, was, were

WPF 11) Reduplication beri-beri, Walla Walla (but note more frequent change of one+ vowel or consonant sound in English) hum-drum, mumbo-jumbo helter-skelter, see-saw

WPF 12) Eponyms (Proper Names) Caesar > kaiser, czar (tzar) boycott lynch watt guppy

Sand+wich (n.) A narrow port or passage in the rink or course, flanked by the stones of previous players. (n.) A street; a village; a castle; a dwelling; a place of work, or exercise of authority; -- now obsolete except in composition; as, bailiwick, Warwick, Greenwick.

WPF 13) Coinage (see especially product names) Kodak Exxon Brillo Jello

WFP 14) Folk (false) etymology ham-burger (compare cheese-burger, taco-burger...) -aholic -gate -scam

WFP 15) Alternation (Ablaut) (replacement of one V or C for another) Verb>Derived Noun abide sell breathe sing/sang/sung

WFP 15) Alternation (Ablaut) (replacement of one V or C for another) Verb>Derived Noun abideabode sellsale breathebreath sing/sang/sungsong

WFP 16) Stranded Morpheme uncouth (no couth) inept(no ept) unkempt(no kempt)

WPF 17) Borrowing (from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules) rouge, hors d’oeuvres tornado, taco vodka dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion)