Michelle Hester Advanced Human Factors (PSYC 562)

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Presentation transcript:

Michelle Hester Advanced Human Factors (PSYC 562) Situation Awareness Michelle Hester Advanced Human Factors (PSYC 562)

Articles Towards a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems – Mica R. Endsley Measurements of Situation Awareness in Dynamic systems – Mica R. Endsley Situation Awareness: Review of Mica Endsley’s 1995 Articles on Situation Awareness Theory and Measurement – Christopher D Wickens Sources of Situation Awareness Errors in Aviation – Debra Jones and Mica R. Endsley

Introduction Goal of Endsley’s Towards a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems Importance of SA in decision making Expand prior work in the area Importance in Human Factors: Aircraft Air Traffic Control Large System Operations Tactical and Strategic Systems Others

Definitions Situation Awareness “Situation awareness is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future.” Situation Assessment “The process used to achieve situation awareness.”

Levels of Situation Awareness Level 1: Perception Perception of elements in the environment What is happening? Level 2: Comprehension Comprehension of the current situation Why is it happening? What does it mean? Level 3: Projection Projection of future status What will happen next?

Situation Awareness and Teams

Human Properties Affecting SA Preattentive Processing Attention Perception Working Memory Long-Term Memory Automaticity Goals

Task and System Factors System Design Interface Design Stress Workload Complexity Automation

Measurements of SA Physiological Techniques Performance Measures Eye tracking Performance Measures Global measures External task measures Imbedded task measures Subjective Techniques Self-rating Observer-rating Questionnaires Posttest On-line Freeze techniques

Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique Experiment 1 Simulation of air-to-air engagement 12 experienced military fighter pilots Two (blue team) v. 4 (red team) Simulation frozen at random to collect SAGAT data Participants answer all question randomly before preceding Experiment 2 25 experienced military fighter pilots Similar to Experiment 1 Trials resumed after freeze following a specified period for collecting data Participants answered as many questions as they could in the given time SAGAT supported by experiments, subjects were able to report their SA using technique without memory decay and freeze did not intrude upon performance

Sources of Error Methods: Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) Cases between Jan 1986-1992 Classified errors into different levels Results: 76% - level 1 SA 20.3% - level 2 SA 3.4% - level 3 SA Level 1 is the dominant source of SA errors in aviation