Russia & Japan Industrialization Outside the West

Russia Before Reform Prevent contagion of the French Revolution Concerns about defense Support for renewed isolationism System of serfdom Censorship of liberal or radical political views

Decembrist Uprising (1825) Revolt of Western- oriented army officers Result: Tsar Nicholas I tightened control

Stagnant Society Agricultural society based on serf labor Did not industrialize like the West Increased exports by tightening labor NOT improving technologies

Crimean War ( ) Causes: Religion Balance of Power

Crimean War- Results Western forces won… because of their industrial advantage! Ships to send masses of supplies Superior artillery & weapons

Tsar Nicholas II Reacts Reform is essential Not to copy West but to allow for sufficient economic growth to compete MILITARILY First priority- end serfdom Only way to develop a mobile labor force needed to industrialize

Emancipation of Serfs (1861) Serfs gain freedom and land… and redemption payments

Results of Emancipation Large labor force No revolution in agricultural production Peasant uprisings become common Population explosion By 1861, Russia was a society in the midst of rapid change where reform did not go far enough to satisfy key protest groups

Alexander II’s Reforms New law codes Focus on local government More people in politics Military improvements Educational expansion

Move Toward Industrialization State support is VITAL because there is no pre- existing middle class or available capital

Trans-Siberia RR Crowning achievement RR boom directly stimulated export of grain west and opened Siberia to development

Industrialization Begins But… Factories not up to Western standards Workers not trained Agriculture remained backward Military not disciplined or efficient No large, self-confident middle class Business people and professionals lacked numbers and tradition to assert themselves

2 Calls for Revolutionary Change Business & Professional People Began to seek a fuller political voice and new rights Argued for liberal reforms Not very aggressive Intelligentsia Impatient with Russia’s slow development and visible reactions to political activity Become increasingly active

Russian Intelligentsia 1 st example of a kind of intellectual radicalism capable of motivating terrorism Wanted political freedom and social reform while maintaining a Russian culture different from the West

Anarchists Seek to abolish all formal government Failure to win peasant support led many to violent methods Formation of the first terrorist movement of the modern world

Alexander II Pulls Back Reforms Tightening political meetings Increasing censorship of newspapers Arresting political dissidents

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (AKA Lenin) Marxist leader Insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells Don’t need a middle class for revolution Motivates the Bolsheviks

Russo-Japanese War (1904) J apan worried about Russia’s expansion Loss unleashed massive protests in Russia and launched the Russian Revolution of 1905

Revolution of 1905 Duma & Stolyph Reforms Reform package quickly became unglued Workers’ rights withdrawn (causing more riots) Duma progressively stripped of power Nicholas II could not surrender the tradition of autocratic rule Police repression resumed

Conclusion Revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the Russian Constitution of 1906 But nothing could prevent the later 1917 revolution that would finally topple the Tsar’s regime

Japan in the Early 19 th Century Final decades of the shogunate Financial problems More secularism Education expansion Technological limitations Rural riots

The Challenge to Isolation U.S. forces Japan to open for trade European nations secure equal rights Shogunate reluctant, others in favor Disorder resulted with defeat of shogunate Meiji

Meiji State Abolished feudalism Expanded state power Samurai officials sent West to study economies, technologies, politics Samurai class abolished Reformed army quickly triumphed During 1880s political construction complete New system gave power to an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen and former nobles

Japan’s Industrial Revolution Success in managing foreign influences But, Japan before WWI was still behind the West

Social & Diplomatic Effects Massive population increase Supplied cheap labor Strained resources & stability Universal education Science Technology Loyalty to the nation Emphasis on traditional values Family instability Birth rate dropped Divorce rate rose

Foreign Policy By 1880s, Japan joined the imperialist nations Need for raw materials Change gave displaced samurai a role & provided nationalist stimulation for the populace Proved military & diplomatic power

Strain of Modernization Cost of success Poor living standards Arguments over Westernization Political issues Rise of Japanese nationalism Built on traditions of superiority and cohesion, deference to rulers, and tensions from change Strength was a main factor in preventing revolutions occurring in other industrializing nations

Russia, Japan, & the World Western fears of a “yellow peril”