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Chapter Menu Introduction Section 1: Section 1: The Land Section 2: Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1 A study of the physical geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia reveals the relationship between humans and the physical environment, where seas and rivers help sustain life amidst rugged mountain ranges, dry plateaus, and some of Earth’s greatest deserts.

Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: The Land Places reflect the relationship between humans and the physical environment. For thousands of years, people have depended on rivers for life- sustaining water in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where deserts and mountains dominate the landscape.

Chapter Intro 3 Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The physical environment affects people and their activities. In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, lack of precipitation affects the region’s climates, vegetation, and human activities.

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Section 1-GTR The Land For thousands of years, people have depended on rivers for life-sustaining water in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, where deserts and mountains dominate the landscape.

Section 1-GTR kum The Land phosphate shift alluvial soil wadi complex revenue

Section 1-GTR A.Atlas Mountains The Land B. Caucasus Mountains C.Arabian Peninsula D.Persian Gulf E.Sinai Peninsula F.Anatolia G.Dead Sea H.Caspian Sea I.Aral Sea J.Nile River K.Tigris River L.Euphrates River

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 The people of this region highly value which part of the surrounding environment? A.Deserts B.Mountains C.Valleys D.Rivers The Land

Section 1 In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, dramatic landforms can be found in a region dominated by deserts and mountains. Landforms Earthquakes are common in this region.

Section 1 Mountains: –Atlas—Africa’s longest mountain range –Hejaz and Asir –Pontic and Taurus –Ararat –Caucasus –Zagros Landforms (cont.) Landforms and Tectonic Activity

Section 1 Landforms (cont.) Coastal Plains, Seas, and Peninsulas: –The agriculture base is rooted in fertile plains along the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. –Aral Sea –Dead Sea –Sinai Peninsula –Peninsula of Anatolia

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which sea is much smaller due to a diversion of rivers for irrigation? A.Aral Sea B.Dead Sea C.Caspian Sea D.The Sea of Marmara

Section 1 For thousands of years, people have depended on the region’s rivers and fertile river valleys, where early civilizations thrived. Water Systems Major Rivers: –Nile—the world’s longest river; one of the cradles of civilization The Nile River

Section 1 Water Systems (cont.) –Tigris and Euphrates—the Tigris-Euphrates river valley was also a fertile area that supported early civilizations Streambeds: –Many streams in arid North Africa and Southwest Asia flow only intermittently, and are susceptible to flash flooding.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which percentile of Egypt’s people live along the Nile river? A.50% B.70% C.90% D.100%

Section 1 Some of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia’s most abundant resources are important to the world economy. Natural Resources Over 60% of the world’s known oil reserves lie beneath this region. About 50% of the world’s known natural gas reserves are there as well. World Oil Reserves

Section 1 Natural Resources (cont.) Minerals in the region: –Sulfur, sulfate –Phosphate –Chromium, gold, lead, manganese, and zinc –Iron ore, copper

A.A B.B C.C Section 1 In 2000, oil prices were around $30 per barrel. By 2006, oil prices were trading at what amount per barrel? A.$37 B.$70 C.$45

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Section 2-GTR Climate and Vegetation In North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, lack of precipitation affects the region’s climates, vegetation, and human activities.

Section 2-GTR oasis Climate and Vegetation cereal define pastoralism annually exposure

Section 2-GTR A.Sahara Climate and Vegetation B.Rub′ al-Khali C.Kara-Kum

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 Which type of climate do you think most of this region experiences? A.Steppe B.Highland C.Desert D.Tropical Climate and Vegetation

Section 2 Lack of water affects climate, natural vegetation, and human activities in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Water and Climate

Section 2 Water and Climate (cont.) Two of the climates: –Desert Climate—50% of this region is desert area. The Sahara—the largest desert in the world covers most of North Africa. Rub′ al-Khali—largest area of sand –Steppe Climate

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 What is an important way of life for people who live in a steppe climate? A.Pastoralism B.Farming C.Mining D.Fishing

Section 2 Countries within the region’s midlatitudes benefit from rainfall in the Mediterranean, highland, and humid subtropical climates. Midlatitude Regions Exports: –Citrus fruits –Olives –Grapes

Section 2 Midlatitude Regions (cont.) Tourism is also important to the economy. Higher areas like the Caucasus Mountains have a highland climate. North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Natural Vegetation

Section 2 Midlatitude Regions (cont.) Areas that receive a large amount of rainfall: –The North African coast near the Atlas Mountains –The coast of Oman –The foot of the Elburz Mountains –Batumi

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 In areas where more than 14 inches of rain falls each year, which product can farmers raise without irrigation? A.Citrus fruits B.Cereals C.Strawberries D.Cranberries

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VS 1 A. Atlas Mountains Africa’s longest mountain range; reaches across Morocco and Algeria Northern slopes have Mediterranean climate and support farming

VS 2 B. Aral Sea Was the world’s fourth-largest inland sea Began to dry up when the Soviet Union diverted water for irrigation Water levels increased slightly after dams were built, ensuring flow of freshwater

VS 3 C. Anatolia Surrounded by the Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea Together, the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus connect the Black and Aegean Seas. Taurus Mountains located along southern part of peninsula

VS 4 D. Sahara World’s largest desert; covers most of North Africa Droughts have expanded the Sahara in recent decades

VS 5 E. Arabian Peninsula Surrounded by Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf Oil and natural gas reserves in eastern part of peninsula

VS 6 F. Nile River World’s longest river Area is home to one of the world’s earliest civilizations More than 90 percent of Egypt’s population lives along the Nile Delta and Nile River on fertile land

VS 7 G. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Known as Mesopotamia, Greek for “land between two rivers” Irrigation has supported farming for 7,000 years Two rivers join in Iraq to form Shatt al Arab

VS 8 H. Natural Resources Over 60 percent of the world’s known oil reserves are located in the region. Some countries are investing in agriculture and fisheries to decrease their dependence on oil and mineral exports. Countries with Mediterranean climates export citrus fruits, olives, and grapes.

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Vocab1 kum term for a desert in Central Asia

Vocab2 alluvial soil rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water

Vocab3 wadi in the desert, a stream bed that is dry except during a heavy rain

Vocab4 phosphate natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers

Vocab5 oasis small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found

Vocab6 pastoralism the raising of livestock

Vocab7 cereal any grain, such as barley, oats, or wheat, grown for food

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