Tuesday, May 5 Welcome back! Please grab a computer on your way in. Go ahead and log on. Bellringer: – Write about a time when you felt singled out. What were the circumstances? Did it happen often? What did you do? What did others around you do (or not do)? How would you change that situation if you could?

2,300 years in the making

Hitler’s concentration of power Concentration camps Nuremberg Laws Turning people against each other Ghettos The Evian Conference

‘Night of Broken Glass’ Nov. 9-10, 1938 Organized effort across Germany to destroy Jewish synagogues and shops At least 90 Jews killed 1,500-2,500 businesses ruined Jews were forced to pay for damages

Part 1 Part 2

Sailed May 13, 1939, with 938 passengers 937 were Jewish refugees trying to escape Nazism

Expecting asylum in Cuba, only 28 were allowed to enter there Heading north to Miami, the ship was refused entry to the United States and ordered to leave American waters

Ship returned to Europe on June 6, and passengers were accepted by various European countries: 288 to Great Britain 181 to the Netherlands 214 to Belgium 224 to France

287 of the 288 passengers admitted by Great Britain survived World War II Of the 620 passengers who returned to the continent: 87 (14 percent) emigrated before the German invasion of Western Europe in May 1940 But 532 St. Louis passengers were trapped

But 532 St. Louis passengers were trapped in Europe as the Nazis advanced Just over half – 278 – survived the Holocaust 254 died: 84 who had been in Belgium 84 who had found refuge in Holland 86 who had been admitted to France

See article link on Moodle

Backgrounder from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Backgrounder from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Robert Wagemann’s survivor account Backgrounder from the History Place

Who was considered “unfit”?

Mobile killing squads Backgrounder from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Backgrounder from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Personal account of Frima L.Frima L. From the Jewish Virtual Library Moved east from Germany, 1941 Prezi

Our dual timeline: Examples of other countries’ opportunities to respond Examples of Nazi actions against Jews

Hitler elected chancellor First concentration camp constructed Hitler made Furher

Nuremberg Laws

Kristallnacht July Nations attending Evian Conference fail to protect Jews

Invasion of Poland 1939 June Jewish refuges aboard St. Louis return to Europe after being refused entry to the U.S. Ghettos Euthanasia begins Yellow stars

Einsatzgruppen begins 1940 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, drawing U.S. into war Babi Yar massacre Odessa massacre 1941 December

Political legacies of World War I Appeasement British policy toward Nazi aggression Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister Appeasement assumes a trustworthy partner

Political legacies of World War I Isolationism American policy toward Nazi aggression American President Franklin D. Roosevelt Belief that the problems were far away and not America’s own; fear of another protracted war Americans were more concerned with the economy

Deprivation of rights, citizenship (Nuremberg Laws) Forced centralization (Ghettos) State- sanctioned violence (Kristallnacht) Attempt at moral justification (Euthanasia) No international will to stop it Outright killing (Einsatzgruppen)

Selections Personal account: Hana Bruml Personal account: Fritzie Fritzshall Personal account of Primo Levi (book selection) Property theft Art, gold, personal effects Holocaust Era Asset Restitution Taskforce

Introduction Starvation Direct policy Disease Typhus, dysentery, tuberculosis Exposure Overview (click on links in the left sidebar) Overview Survivor account

Josef Megele Children in Auschwitz

Gas chambers 3 million total; 700-1,200 at a time Shootings Hangings Beatings Overview (last section)

Death marches

 Administration at Dachau Administration at Dachau Conditions of survivors Personal experience: Harry Herder, Jr.

Drone footage Memorial and Museum website insider/2015/04/16/visiting-auschwitz-reporters- notebook/?smid=tw-nytimes insider/2015/04/16/visiting-auschwitz-reporters- notebook/?smid=tw-nytimes l/at-auschwitz-birkenau-preserving-a-site-and-a- ghastly-inventory.html?smid=tw-nytimes l/at-auschwitz-birkenau-preserving-a-site-and-a- ghastly-inventory.html?smid=tw-nytimes