EdExcel Paper 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1945–75

Section 1: The Cold War, 1945–1975 Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe ? Why the Cold War began? How did the American and Soviet relations broke down? How did the Cold War developed in Europe? How was Germany and Europe divided? What was Hungary like under Soviet rule Specified Content The breakdown in trust between the USSR and America following their victory in WW2, and how this led to a division in Europe. Additionally, you will see how ideology, the attitudes and personalities of powerful men, and the development of the atom bomb intensified conflict in the late 1940s. Finally, investigating the two flashpoints of the Cold War: Berlin and Hungary. Key Question 2:Three Cold War crises: Berlin; Cuba and Czechoslovakia c Why was there a crisis in Berlin What happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis on 1962 Why was there an uprising in Czechoslovakia? Specified Content Investigate how the disputed status of Berlin and the development of the arms race took the world to the brink of a nuclear holocaust. Additionally, how tensions in Eastern Europe led to the most significant challenge to Soviet authority since the Hungarian crisis of 1956 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? What is détente? Why did détente collapse? What was the Second Cold War? Why did the Berlin Wall fall ? How did the Soviet Union collapse? Specified Content The search for détente by the Superpowers, and their achievements but how it was shortly lived with the invasion of Afghanistan, leading to a breakdown of relations between the USA and USSR. Additionally, you will see the impact of the last two “Cold War Warriors”, Premier Gorbachev and President Reagan, and how they led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War.

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The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe Capitalism Describe Communism Explain how the differences between Capitalism and Communism led to the start of the Cold War. (the breakdown of the Grand alliance)

Describe the decisions made at Tehran Describe the decisions made at Yalta Describe the decisions made at Potsdam Explain why there were differences between Yalta and Potsdam, and explain why there were disagreements at Potsdam The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ?

The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe the Soviet Expansion into Eastern Europe Explain how Stalin took control over Eastern Europe Describe Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech and the effects it would have had across Europe.

The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe the contents of the Long Telegram and Novikov telegram Explain the differences between the two telegrams

The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe the Truman Doctrine Describe the Marshall Plan Explain how the Truman Doctrine and Marshal Plan heightened the tensions in the Cold War.

The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe what a Satellite is. Explain why Satellite states were frustrated by Soviet rule and/or Explain why the Soviets expanded into Eastern Europe

The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe Comicon Describe Cominform

Explain the causes of the Berlin Blockade Describe the events of the Berlin Airlift Explain how Berlin Blockade and Airlift heightened the tensions in the Cold War. What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade? The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ?

Describe the purposes of NATO and the Warsaw Pact Who was to blame for the start of the Cold War? America: Soviet Union: The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ?

Describe Soviet control of Hungary Describe the events of the Hungarian uprising The Cold War, Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop in Europe, ? Describe the results of the Hungarian uprising

Describe the Geneva Summit The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c Describe the Camp David Summit Describe the Paris Summit Describe the Vienna Conference Describe the Arms Race/Space Race

Explain why the Berlin Wall was built Explain the impact of the Berlin Wall The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe Cuba’s friendship with the USA Explain why Cuba’s relationship broke down with the USA The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe Cuba’s friendship with the Soviet Union Explain why the USA invaded Cuba The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Explain why Khrushchev wanted to put missiles into Cuba The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe the 13 days of the Cuban missile Crisis Explain who was to blame for the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis, America or the Soviet Union? The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe the hawks and dove advisors The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c Describe the letters sent between Khrushchev and Kennedy

Explain who won the Cuban Missile crisis and why. America Russia Cuba The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe the immediate consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c Describe the long term consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis Explain how the Cuban Missile Crisis impacted superpower relations

Describe Soviet control of Czechoslovakia Describe the aims of Dubcek The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c Describe the reforms of the Prague Spring

Explain how Brezhnev justified the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia Describe the response to the invasion for America: Western Europe: Eastern Europe: The Cold War, Key Question 2: Three Cold War Crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia c

Describe the 1967 Outer Space Treaty The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Describe what détente means Describe the 1975 Apollo- Soyuz Mission

The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the agreements made in the SALT 1 treaty Explain the importance of the SALT 1 treaty Describe the 1975 Helsinki Agreements

Describe the Kabul Revolution Describe how a Communist regime was established in Afghanistan The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Explain why the USSR invaded Afghanistan Explain the President Carter reacted to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Describe how the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ended détente Explain why the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ended détente The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Describe the Second Cold War Describe the beliefs of President Reagan for the Cold War The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Describe the Evil Empire Speech Describe the policy of SDI “star wars” The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the Soviet response to SDI

Explain how SDI changed the arms race Describe Gorbachev’s vision for Communism The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe Gorbachev’s relationship with the West

Describe what happened at Chernobyl Explain Gorbachev’s plan for reviving communism The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Describe the positions of the superpowers in 1986 Describe the 1985 Geneva Conference The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the 1986 Reykjavik Conference

Explain why Reagan changed his mind on working with the USSR Describe the 1987 INF Treaty The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Explain why Gorbachev signed the INF treaty Explain why the INF treaty is a turning point in Superpower relations The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end?

Describe the 1989 Malta Summit The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the 1990 CFE Agreement Describe the 1991 START 1

Describe Gorbachev’s attitude to Eastern Europe The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the break up of the Eastern bloc

Explain the fall of the Berlin Wall The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the end of the Warsaw Pact

Describe the British reaction to Gorbachev The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Describe the Soviet reaction to Gorbachev Describe the Gang of 8

The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Explain why Gorbachev resigned

Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? 1941: Grand Alliance 1943: Teheran Conference 1945: Yalta 1945: Potsdam 1946: Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech 1946: Long telegram and Novikov telegram 1947: Truman Doctrine 1947: Marshall Plan 1947: Cominform

Key Question 1: How did the Cold War develop? DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? Berlin Blockade 1949: Comecon 1949: East German and West Germany created 1949: Formation of NATO 1955 Warsaw Pact 1956 Khrushchev's secret speech 1956 Hungary

Key Question 2: Cold War Crisis, Berlin, Cuba, Czechoslovakia DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? 1957 Sputnik 1959 Geneva Summit 1960 Paris Conference 1961 Vienna Conference 1961 Berlin Wall 1961 Bay of Pigs 1962 Khrushchev sends nuclear missiles to Cuba 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis “13 days” 1963 Kennedy visits Berlin

Key Question 2: Cold War Crisis, Berlin, Cuba, Czechoslovakia DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? 1963 Hotline between USA and Russia 1963 Limited Test Ban treaty 1968 Prague Spring 1968 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia The Brezhnev Doctrine American reaction to Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia The divisions created in European communism as a result of Czechoslovakia 1963 Hotline between USA and Russia 1963 Limited Test Ban treaty

Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? 1967 Outer Space Treaty 1968 Nuclear Non – Proliferation Treaty 1972 SALT Helsinki Agreement 1975 Apollo – Soyuz mission 1978 Kabul revolution 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1980 Moscow Olympic games 1983 Reagan’s evil Empire Speech

Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? DateWhat happenedWhich events does it link to/lead to? 1983 Reagan proposes SDI 1983 Los Angles Olympic games 1985 Geneva Summit 1986 Chernobyl disaster Reykjavik summit 1987 INF treaty 1989 Communist Government falls 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall 1991 Warsaw pact dissolved 1991 The end of Gorbachev

Describe how the Cold War finally ended The Cold War, 1943–1991 Key Question 3: Why did the Cold War end? Who was to blame for the end of the Cold War? America: Soviet Union:

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, There will be six questions to answer. Question 1, 2 and 3 and 5 must be answered, you must then chose 1 question from question 4 and 6 Here is an example of all of questions Question 1 (Compulsory) Give two reasons from Source A which show that “the Cuban Missile Crisis had a series of significant consequences” (2) Question 2 (Compulsory) Outline two steps taken by President Truman to constrain Communism (4) Question 3 (Compulsory) How useful are Sources A and B as evidence of the reasons for the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your own knowledge. (10) Question 4 (Choice) Describe the key features of the arms race. (6) Or Describe the key features of the Truman Doctrine. (6) Question 5 (Compulsory with choice) Explain the importance of the following in international relations: (15) Berlin Crisis Camp David Summit Vienna Summit Cuban Missile Crisis Question 6 (Compulsory) Explain why relations between the USA and USSR changed in (13) You may use the following in your answer: The Soviet Union placed missiles on Cuba Kennedy’s reaction to the placement of missiles on Cuba You must also include information of your own

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 1: Model Answers 1) Give two reasons from Source A which show that “the Cuban Missile Crisis had a series of significant consequences” (2) This is a source based question and will ask you to identify two pieces of information from a source. It is worth two marks, one for each piece of information identified. Many candidates waste time and lose marks including own knowledge So get into the habit of simply using just the source for Q1- DO NOT OVERCOMPLICATE! Step 1: Read the source several times Step 2: Underline the parts in the source you wish to use Step 3: Use these quotes to write your answers using two sentences only- no own knowledge

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 2: Model Answers 2) Outline two steps taken by President Truman to constrain Communism (4) This question will ask you to identify two actions, decisions, causes, factors or changes, and provide some detail about these. The question is worth 4 marks, one for each factor given, then another mark for supporting detail for each factor. Many candidates do not read the question to identify what it is asking for. Candidates also do not develop the detail to their points. Step 1: Read the question several times and identify what it is asking Step 2: Give two actions, decisions, causes, factors or changes Step 3: Develop these points with supporting evidence. 4 sentences long altogether

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 3: Model Answers 3)How useful are Sources A and B as evidence of the reasons for the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your own knowledge. (10) This is a source based and will ask you to assess the usefulness of two sources for a specific purpose. An excellent answer will include the usefulness of the information provided by both sources, and evaluate the provenance of the sources, using Nature, Origin and Purpose, and how they affect the usefulness for a specific enquiry. It is also important to include own knowledge when reaching a judgement. Many candidates do not own knowledge and ignore the provenance of the sources and their impact on usefulness. Get into the habit of explaining the reliability linking back to the focus of the question. Step 1: Read the sources several times, including the provenance Step 2: Evaluate one source at a time, looking at NOP, always focusing back to the question. Support with own knowledge for every point you make Step 3: Reach a conclusion to which source is most useful to the enquiry and explain why

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 4: Model Answers 4) Describe the key features of the arms race. (6) Or Describe the key features of the Truman Doctrine. (6) You will be asked to describe the key features of a major policy or event. It is worth 6 marks, one mark is given to each statement made about the event/policy with an additional 3 marks given to the depth of your supporting evidence. Many candidates just tell a story, think about the information and organise it under imaginary headings. It may help to think WEE when you see KEY. Describe WHY the event/policy happened, in detail; and describe EVENTS of the event/policy that happened, in detail.; and describe the EFFECTS the event/policy happened, in detail. Step 1: Select ONE question to answer, Step 2: State one feature and describe why it happened using lots of detailed evidence Step 3: Repeat to create 2 more developed points. Use sentences like “Another key feature” to focus answer.

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 4: Model Answers 5) Explain the importance of the following in international relations: (15) Berlin Crisis Camp David Summit Vienna Summit Cuban Missile Crisis You are asked to explain the importance of three out of four events listed in the question. 5 marks are available for each part of the question, adding up to 15 marks in total. Do not describe each event, but focus on explaining, with supporting evidence why the event is important. Many candidates just describe the event, and do not give detailed supporting evidence. Explain the importance of the event using detailed evidence. “ the Berlin Crisis was extremely important as it worsened relations….” For each event start a new paragraph. Step 1: Select the three events you will write about. Step 2: State why the event is important in the first sentence Step 3: Give detailed evidence to show why it is important and then explain the result the event had on the Cold War

Section 1 International Relations: The Cold War, 1943–91 How to answer the compulsory question 6: Model Answers 6) Explain why relations between the USA and USSR changed in (13) You may use the following in your answer: The Soviet Union placed missiles on Cuba Kennedy’s reaction to the placement of missiles on Cuba You must also include information of your own This is the extended writing question, and will also be marked on SPAG. You will be asked to explain why something happened using your own knowledge. You should try to find 3 to 4 reasons and explain how they led to the outcome in the question. It is important that you provide reasons other than the ones given to you. An excellent answer will explain but also link the reasons together giving an overall conclusion to which reason was most important. Many candidates just describe the event, and do not explain. Step 1: Select the three events you will write about. Step 2: Construct your answer using PEE paragraphs Step 3: Give a conclusion of the most important factor