PROCEDURES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper TOEFL Test and Computer TOEFL Test) First, study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete the sentence correctly. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate answers that do not complete the sentence correctly. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves. The incorrect answers are generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.

TOEFL SKILL SUBJECTS AND VERBS A sentence in English must have at least one subject and one verb. The first thing you should do as you read a sentence in the structure section of the TOEFL tests is to find the subject and the verb.

TOEFL SKILL PRESENT PARTICIPLES A present participle is the-ing form of the verb. (1) The present participle can be part of the verb It is part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be. (2) The present participle can be an adjective. It is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.

TOEFL SKILL PAST PARTICIPLES A past participle often ends in- ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. The – ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past (2) the past participle of a verb (3) an adjective.

TOEFL SKILL COORDINATE CONNECTORS

PROCEDURES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS (Paper TOEFL Test and Computer TOEFL Test) First, look at the underlined words or groups of words. You want to see if you can spot which of the four answer choices in not correct. If you have been unable to find the error by looking only at the four underlined expressions, then read the complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is incorrect because of something in another part of the sentence.

TOEFL SKILL SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

TOEFL SKILL SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

TOEFL SKILL SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

TOEFL SKILL SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER INVERTED VERBS

TOEFL SKILL NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

TOEFL SKILL NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

TOEFL SKILL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS Adjective clause connectors

TOEFL SKILL ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

TOEFL SKILL ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

TOEIC SKILL Synonyms & Antonyms Synonyms: words that have the same (or nearly the same) meanings Example: large _ big Antonyms: words that have opposite meanings Example: hot _ cold

TOEIC SKILL ELIPTICS (too, so, either & neither)

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

TOEFL SKILL PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS

TOEFL SKILL USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COMPARISONS

TOEIC SKILL MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxiliaries are "helping" words that give specific meaning to and indicate the tense of the verb. Examples of modal auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE shall*/will, can, may/might, should, ought to, must PAST/INDIRECT SPEECH Would, could, might, should, ought to, had to MODAL PERFECTS will/would have, could have, may/might have, should have, ought to have, must have

TOEIC SKILL CONDITIONAL SENTENCES There are two parts to a conditional sentence: the condition (if) and the result. There are also two types of conditional sentences: real and unreal (contrary-to-fact). REAL CONDITION RESULT If you come before the meeting, we'll have time to talk. UNREAL CONDITION RESULT If my windows were larger, I would get more light.