Verb 임수빈

Index 1. 동사의 의미와 특징 ☞ Inflections 2. finite verb & non-finite verb 3. 동사의 분류 ☞ main verb ☞ auxiliary verbs 4. 조동사의 특징과 분류 ☞ modal auxiliaries ☞ aspectual auxiliaries ☞ passive auxiliary ☞ dummy auxiliary

Verb 란 ? 사람이나 사물의 움직임이나 작용을 나타 내는 단어의 집합을 일컫는 품사의 하나. 형 용사와 함께 활용을 하는 용언에 속한다.

INFLECTION (22) Every day our Head of Department devours three pizzas (23) The builders worked for many days. ☞ -s or –ed 은 Inflection( 활용 ) 이라 불린다.

INFLECTION (22) Every day our Head of Department devours three pizzas (23) The builders worked for many days. -s → present tense ⇒ present tense inflection -ed → past tense ⇒ past tense inflection the third person singular ending (3 인칭 단수 어미 )

PERSON( 인칭 ) (24) 단수복수 3 개의 인칭이 있으며 각 인칭은 단수와 복수가 있음. singularplural 1 st personIwe 2 nd personyou 3 rd personhe/she/itThey

PERSON( 인칭 ) (24) John, Kate, Paris, The Canary Islands 등의 단수 또는 복수의 지 시표현들도 3 인칭이다. (22) Every day our Head of Department devours three pizzas. ☞ our Head of Department + devour = agreement Agreement 는 동사에 붙은 어미 –s 에 의해 표시된다. singularplural 1 st personIwe 2 nd personyou 3 rd personhe/she/itthey

PERSON (25) 3 인칭 단수가 아닌 다른 동사형태. (26) 현재시제 특별한 형태를 가지는 be 동사. ( 예외 ) I devourwe devour you devour he/she/it devoursthey devour base form I amWe are You are He/she/it isThey are

Verb 시제를 가진 동사 ☞ finite verb( 정형동사 ) 시제를 가지지 않는 동사 ☞ non-finite verb( 비정형동사 ) ∴ (25)-(26) 은 finite verb

Verb ※ 모든 과거 동사형태 단수나 복수 동일. (27) I devouredwe devoured you devoured he/she/it devouredthey devoured

Main verb( 본동사 ) (22) Every day our Head of Department devours three pizzas (23) The builders worked for many days. devour, work 의 동사들을 main verb or lexical verb 라 부름. devour, work 의 동사들을 main verb or lexical verb 라 부름. 앞과 뒤에 다른 동사가 나타나지 않고서도 홀로 설 수 있는 동사.

Helping verb( 보조동사 ) Helping verb 로 기능하는 동사들 = auxiliary verb( 조동사 ) is (28) Jeremy is laughing. ∴ laughing is ongoing. auxiliary verb V ☞ An auxiliary helps a main verb to the extent that it adds more specific meaning to it.

Exercise Is the verb be an auxiliary in the sentence below? (i) He is friendly. ☞ be is the only verb in this sentence.

Auxiliary verbs Modal auxiliaries Aspectual auxiliaries The passive auxiliary be The dummy auxiliary do

Modal auxiliaries: can/could, may/might, must, ought to, shall/should, will/would, (29) We can dance until midnight. (30) You may take two courses if you wish. (31) You must comply with the regulations. (32) They really ought to leave. (33) We shall write to you as soon as possible. (34) He will survive.

Modal auxiliaries (29) We can dance until midnight. (30) You may take two courses if you wish. (31) You must comply with the regulations. (32) They really ought to leave. (33) We shall write to you as soon as possible. (34) He will survive. ☞ contains ‘ability’, ‘permission’, ‘possibility’, ‘obligation’, ‘necessity’, ‘intention’, ‘prediction’, etc. ∴ Modal auxiliaries → finite verb ∴ 3 인칭 단수 현재시제 어미 –s or 과거시제 어미 –ed 는 동사어미를 가지지 않는다. ∴ 뒤따르는 동사의 의미를 채색함 (colour)

Aspectual auxiliaries: be, have The main categories of aspect in English are ☞ progressive aspect ☞ perfective aspect (28) Jeremy is laughing. → progressive aspect

Aspectual auxiliaries (35) These students are always complaining. (36) Shelley has broken two wine glasses.

Aspectual auxiliaries (39) Shelley broke two wine glasses two weeks ago. ☞ Shelly 가 포도주 잔 2 개를 파손했다는 사실 기록. (40) Shelley has broken two wine glasses. (=36) ☞ 얼마 전 포도주 잔 2 개 파손 → 여전히 그 파손된 잔 조각들이 아직 바닥에 놓여있 을 가능성 有. * Shelley has broken two wine glasses last month.

Aspectual auxiliaries (41) X l (42) X l ‘X’ 는 ‘Shelley 가 포도주 잔을 파손한 시점 ’. ‘l’ 은 ‘ 현재시점 ’. → 그 사건이 현재시점까지 미침.

Aspectual auxiliaries (40) Shelley has broken two wine glasses. ☞ present perfect (43) By the time we arrived, Shelley had broken two wine glasses. ☞ past perfect (44) X x l ‘l’ = ‘now’ ‘X’ = ‘the breaking of the glasses’ ‘x’ = ‘the time we arrived’

Exercise In the following sentence we also have a form of the verb have. Is this an auxiliary verb? If not, why not? (i) Larry has ninety-four CDs. ☞ ‘has’ is only one verb in this sentence.

The passive auxiliary: be (37) This doughnut was eaten by our Head of Department.

The passive auxiliary (45) Billy wrecked the garden shed. (active) > The garden shed was wrecked by Billy. (passive)

The dummy auxiliary :Negative part of sentences. We simply add the negative particle not after the first auxiliary. (46) We will not/won’t dance until midnight. (47) These students are not/aren’t always complaining. (48) This doughnut was not/wasn’t eaten by our Head of Department. cliticised

The dummy auxiliary: do (49) a. Jon cycles to work every day. b. *Jon not cycles to work every day. → we cannot simply add not. Instead, we need to insert a form of the verb do. (49) c. Jon does not/doesn’t cycle to work every day. → inserting do is called ‘do-support’ ※ If the sentence in question already contains an auxiliary verb, do-support is not necessary.

The dummy auxiliary ※ Do is also used to form the interrogative versions of sentences. (50) Jon cycles to work every day. > Jon does cycle to work every day. > Does Jon cycle to work every day? ☞ Subject-auxiliary Inversion( 주어조동사 도치 )

The dummy auxiliary (51) Jon will ride a bike all his life. > Will Jon ride a bike all his life? (52) Jon is always riding his bike in his spare time. > Is Jon always riding his bike in his spare time? (53) Jon has cycled to work since he got his first job. > Has Jon cycled to work since he got his first job? ※ Do-support is not necessary if the interrogative versions of sentences already contain an auxiliary.

The dummy auxiliary In contexts where auxiliaries get ‘stranded’. (54) Does Jon cycle to work every day? He does. (55) Jon cycles all the way to work every day, and so does Tim. ☞ 조동사가 본동사 없이 나타남. ex) He does, so does Tim. ∴ referred to as ‘code’

The dummy auxiliary (56) Will Jon ride a bike all his life? He will. (57) Jon will ride a bike all his life, and so will Harry. (58) Is Jon always riding a bike in his spare time? He is. (59) Jon is always riding his bike in his spare time, and so is Harry. (60) Has Jon cycled to work since he got his first job? He has. (61) Jon has cycled to work since he got his first job, and so has Harry.

The dummy auxiliary Emphatic contexts. (62) Jon DOES cycle to work every day! In sentences that already contain an auxiliary do-support is not required to create emphasis: (63) Jon WILL cycle to work every day! (64) Jon IS cycling to work every day! (65) Jon HAS cycled to work since he got his first job!

Exercise Consider the following sentences: (i) Kathy did her homework. (ii) Francesco did today’s dinner. Is the verb do in these sentences an auxiliary verb? If not, why not? ☞ The verb do in these sentences is the only verb, and for that reason cannot be said to be a ‘helping’ verb.

Auxiliary verbs 1. carry the negative enclitic particle not 2. invert with the Subject 3. manifest code 4. carry emphatic stress ☞ 1-4 are referred to as the NICE properties.

Auxiliaries to combine (66) The company is being taxed three times this year. (67) The company has been taxed three times this year. (68) The company has been being taxed three times this year. (69) The company will have been being taxed three times this year (66) the progressive auxiliary be + the passive auxiliary be. (67) the perfective auxiliary have + the passive auxiliary been. (68) perfective + progressive + passive (69) will + perfective + progressive + passive

Nonfinite verb-forms (70) ☞ The to-element of the to-infinitive is called the ‘infinitival particle’. to danceto – infinitiveexample: I wanted him to dance. dancebare infinitiveexample: I saw him dance. dancingpresent participleexample: He is dancing dancedpast participleexample: He has often danced.

Auxiliary verbs ※ For some verbs the past tense and past participle have the same form and pronunciation. Ex1) They danced until dawn. – past tense: finite Ex2) He has often danced. – past participle: nonfinite ※ irregular verbs(bend) Ex3) He bent the metal bar. – past tense Ex4) He has bent the metal bar. – past participle

Auxiliary verbs ※ past tense and past participle forms can also be different(break) Ex5) He broke the bottle. – past tense Ex6) He has broken the bottle – past participle ※ the present tense, past tense and past participle forms are the same(set) Ex7) They set the standard next year – present tense Ex8) They set the standard last year – past tense Ex9) They have set the standards – past participle

Auxiliary verbs Strict order of auxiliary verbs. (69) The company will have been being taxed three times this year. ☞ auxiliary – perfective – progressive – passive auxiliaries

Exercise From the negative counterparts of sentences (66)-(69). What conclusion can you draw about the position of not in sentences with more than one auxiliary verb? (66) The company is not being taxed three times this year. (67) The company has not been taxed three times this year. (68) The company has not been being taxed three times this year. (69) The company will not have been being taxed three times this year. ☞ not always follows the first auxiliary verb.

Verb Phrase (71) The library recalled these books. ∴ Direct Object ‘these books’ is the part of the Verb Phrase. Exercise * The library recalled. V Direct Object & Noun Phrase subcategorization

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