Chapter 1 Basic Elements of Anatomy

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: study of the structure of an organism Physiology: study of the function of a living organism and its components

Subspecializations of Anatomy Applied anatomy –Applies anatomy to diagnosing and treating Descriptive anatomy –Relates body parts to functional systems Gross anatomy –Studies body parts without a microscope

Microscopic anatomy –Studies body parts with a microscope Developmental anatomy –Studies growth and development to birth Comparative anatomy –Studies comparisons across species Pathological anatomy –Studies changes in body parts due to disease Subspecializations of Anatomy (Cont’d)

Anatomy Terminology Terminology of anatomy includes terms used to describe anatomical structures Anatomical terms are derived from Latin or Greek roots

Terms of Orientation Anatomical position –Body erect –Palms, arms, and hands face forward Axis –The imaginary midline around which the body pivots

Terms of Orientation (Cont’d) The axial skeleton –Head and trunk –Spinal cord is axis The appendicular skeleton –Lower limbs –Upper limbs Neuraxis –Axis of the brain

Planes of Reference Frontal (or coronal) plane –Divides body into front and back portions Sagittal plane –Divides body into right and left portions Transverse (or horizontal) plane –Divides body into upper and lower portions

Surfaces of the Body Anterior or ventral surface –Front of body Posterior or dorsal surface –Back of body Rostral –Toward the head Caudal –Toward the tail

Surfaces of the Body (Cont’d) Superficial surface –Surface of body Peripheral surface –Direction toward the surface Deep –Direction away from the surface Distal –Point farthest from the trunk Proximal –Point closest to the trunk

Terms Related to Actual Body Position Superior –Above Inferior –Below * But note…we apply these terms relative to other structures! Medial –Toward midline Lateral –Away from midline

Terms Related to Actual Body Position (Cont’d) Prone –Body horizontal with face down, on the belly Supine –Body horizontal with face up, on the back Sidelying * Why would SLPs care about these terms?

Organs Organs are body tissues combined together to perform a special function Organ tissues all serve the same general purpose

Muscular Tissue Muscular tissue is contractile Classifications of muscular tissue –Voluntary striated muscle cells (skeletal muscle) –Involuntary smooth muscle cells –Cardiac muscle cells

Muscles Aggregates of contractive muscle cells with a common function Can shorten to about one third their length –Origin is the point of attachment of the least mobile element as related to speech function –Insertion is the point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts

Types of Muscles Agonists –Muscles that move structures Antagonists –Muscles that oppose contraction of agonists Synergists/ fixators –Muscles that stabilize structures The elbow joint lets our forearm move up or down, controlled by two muscles, the biceps on the front of the upper arm, and the triceps on the back of the upper arm: –when the biceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves up –when the triceps muscle contracts, the forearm moves down Forearm up Biceps contract (triceps relaxed) Forearm down Triceps contract (biceps relaxed)

Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue –Specialized for communication –Consists of neurons or nerve cells –Functions to transfer information From one neuron to another From neuron to muscle From sensory receptors to other neural entities

Bones Rigid skeletal support and protection of organs and soft tissues Characterized by length (long or short) and shape (flat) Fibroblasts- cells that facilitate bone repair

The Skull Cranial portion –Contains the brain and its components Facial portion –Contains the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication (chewing)

Joints Joints form union of bone with other bones or cartilage with other cartilage Diarthrodial (synovial) joints –Highly mobile –Joint cavities contain lubricating synovial fluid –Include plane (gliding) joints, spheroid, condylar, trochoid, sellar, ellipsoid (ball-and- socket) joints, and hinge joints

Joints (Cont’d) Amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joints –Slightly mobile –Cartilage forms union between two joints (e.g., ribs, vertebrae) Synarthrodial (fibrous joints) –Immobile –Bound by fibrous ligaments –Sutures, located between bones of the skull, pelvis

Body Systems: Overview Systems are groups of organs that perform a specific function Failure or deficiency of an organ causes functional disorders Organs can be part of more than one system

Body Systems: Classification Muscular system –Smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle Skeletal system –Bones and cartilages Respiratory system –Oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs Digestive system –Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, intestines, and glands

Reproductive system –Ovaries and testes Urinary system –Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Endocrine system –Glands that produce hormones Nervous system –Nerve tissue and central and peripheral nervous systems structures Body Systems: Classification (Cont’d)

Systems of Speech Speech pathology delineates four systems –Respiratory system Involves respiration –Phonatory system Produces voiced sound –Articulatory/ resonatory system Shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of speech –Nervous system Controls speech processes

Systems of Speech (Cont’d) Speech requires the integrated action of all four systems * But what about swallowing?