Aim: Why is there such disparity here in the core of the world system? Do Now: Describe the “inner city”

 …your education?  …your job?  …how you spend your free time?  …your health?

Where is this?

Racial Compo- sition White97.2%82.8%28.6%26.3% - Non- Hispanic n/a 16.5%11.6% Black2.7% %52.4% Hispanicn/a 26.1%33.8% Asian0.1% 1.2%1.6%

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Video (4:30): Post-WWII housing discrimination practices Video  Real estate developers and banks contributed to the growth of urban ghettos and sometimes profited from it  Blockbusting ▪ Real estate agents and developers used racism to “bust up” a block by bringing in a minority family and profiting from the ensuing real estate turnover  Racial steering ▪ Real estate agents would steer people to buy a home in a neighborhood based on their race  Redlining ▪ Banks would refuse to give loans to certain minority-occupied neighborhoods

 Richmond “Residential Security Map”Residential Security Map  Compare to 2010 Census map showing racial and ethnic distribution in Richmond2010 Census map

 Video (2:11): Introduction to the Newark in 1967 Video  Video (4:13): How housing practices were a root cause of the riots Video  How does racial segregation affect public policy?

What would it take to get you to move to Newark?

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Renewal –Rebuilding neighborhoods –Cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire properties, relocate residents/businesses, clear the site and build new roads and utilities, which leads to new buildings/services

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Commercialization Transforming the CBD into an area that is attractive to residents and tourists

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. City Council approved the rezoning of 125th Street, Harlem’s central artery, to allow for high-rise office towers and some 2,100 new market-rate condominiums. About 70 small businesses might be closed and some residents displaced. In East Harlem, East River Plaza, a $300 million shopping mall anchored by Home Depot, is being built on the site of a long-abandoned wire factory. Two blocks away, glass-walled $1 million condominiums are rising next to six-story tenement buildings. Gentrification in Harlem

POSITIVE  Nicer buildings  Higher property values  Increased tax base  Lower crime  Jobs  Better schools  Diversity NEGATIVE  Original residents priced out of housing market and displaced  Lower-income residents become economically and socially marginalized  Tension and conflict between community members

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gentrification The process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing. Middle class-families attracted by some of the following: »Houses may have more architectural character than those in the suburbs. »Proximity to cultural and recreational activities »Commuting time reduced to CBD Discussion: What do you think are the negative impacts of gentrification? The positive ones?impacts gentrification

 Transforms lands from rural to urban uses  About ½ of U.S. lives in suburbs (2000)  Causes:  Post-WWII  Cars  Roads  Government policies  Effects  Shopping centers  Industrial parks  Office complexes  Edge cities  Self-sufficient urban villages on the outskirts of a city near a major road/highway ▪ Offer workplace, shopping, leisure activities…

 James Vance (1960s)  Based on San Francisco  Suburban regions functionally tied to mixed- use, edge cities/suburban downtowns with relative independence from the CBD  Grew out of Multiple-Nuclei Model  Nuclei evolved into independently functioning “urban realms”

 “…suburbs have become the essence of the modern American city.” – Fouberg p. 262  Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)  Includes a central city and all of its immediately interacting counties with commuters and people directly connected with central city  Minimum 50,000 people  Boundaries of MSAs often overlap  E.g., Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, NC  “Research Triangle”  Megalopolis  Massive, overlapping, integrating metropolitan areas

Northeast Corridor or “BosWash” Megalopolis

Los Angeles

 A consequence of suburbanization  Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads with little attention to urban planning

 Social  Isolation/lack of community, lack of free time due to long commute, alienation due to lack of local culture  Economic  Costs of car and commuting: $ and productivity  Environmental  Car pollution, loss of natural landscapes  Health  Stress, car accidents, obesity

 Social class  Proximity of similarly priced houses  Land uses  Zoning ordinances separate residential areas from commercial/manufacturing activities  Gated communities  Fenced-in neighborhoods: separation increases housing values  Emphasis on safety

 A movement to bring together trends in healthy living, sustainable growth, and urban development  Planned communities  Walkable  Recreational areas ▪ Faneuil Hall = “festival marketplace” ▪ Normal, IL 