I. Disease

Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Parasites: One organism (the parasite) is feeding and living on or in another (the host) Examples: fungus,protists, animals, plants Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

Genetics: inherited from parents Examples: Tay Sachs, M.D. Environmental Factors: Develop from exposure to something. Examples: lung disease from pollution or smoking Parasites: One organism (the parasite) is feeding and living on or in another (the host) Examples: fungus,protists, animals, plants Germs: Microscopic things that cause disease.  Infectious=“caught” from another organism Examples: Bacteria, Viruses Caused by Disease – a condition of ill health; one or more body parts are not functioning properly. I. Disease

 Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.

 Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.

 Pathogen – something that causes a disease  Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists A.Immune System – your body’s defenses against disease and infection. Identifies pathogens and fights them off. Often prevents re-infection of the same disease White Blood Cells (WBCs) – special cells that surround and digest pathogens. There are several specialized types of WBCs.  Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease Not this type of immunity!!

 Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease  Antigen – molecule on a pathogen that identifies what it is

 Immunity – when the body is able to fight/prevent a disease  Antigen – molecule on a pathogen that identifies what it is  Antibodies– protein made by WBCs for a specific antigen

*NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity

*NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells.

*NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced

*NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization 3. Disposal Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced 3. Disposal – antibodies destroy pathogen

*NOTE: T Cells and B Cells are specialized WBCs 1. Recognition 2. Mobilization 3. Disposal 4. Immunity Antibodies B. 4 steps to immunity 1. Recognition – WBC surrounds pathogen and alerts other cells. 2. Mobilization – antibodies produced 3. Disposal – antibodies destroy pathogen 4. Immunity – some antibodies remain for future use.

White Blood Cell Chasing Bacteria…

C. Vaccines II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  Vaccination – giving vaccine by injection or mouth. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  The vaccine starts the immune system’s reaction, as if the real pathogen is entering the body. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

C. Vaccines  Vaccine – made of weakened virus particles that can no longer cause the disease. Examples: flu shot, polio vaccine  Most vaccines are for viral infections  Vaccination – giving vaccine by injection or mouth.  The vaccine starts the immune system’s reaction, as if the real pathogen is entering the body.  The body is left with the antibodies to fight the disease. II. The Body Fights Back! – Fighting Disease

Important Scientists! Edward Jenner – developed the first vaccine – for smallpox  used LIVE virus

Important Scientists! Edward Jenner Edward Jenner – developed the first vaccine – for smallpox  Used a LIVE virus Jonas Salk Jonas Salk – developed the vaccine for polio using a weakened virus

III. Viruses

 Super small – need an electron microscope to see them

III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism

III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism  Made up of a DNA or RNA core covered with protein

III. Viruses  Super small – need an electron microscope to see them  NOT made of cells –not an organism  Made up of a DNA or RNA core covered with protein

III. Viruses

A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells.

III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing

III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell

III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell.

III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. 3. Copy The virus uses the cell’s energy to make copies of itself.

III. Viruses A. Active Virus – a virus that is reproducing and destroying cells. Step DescriptionDrawing 1.Attach The virus attaches to the surface of the cell 2. Invade The virus injects its own nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. 3. Copy The virus uses the cell’s energy to make copies of itself. 4. Release The host cell bursts and all of the viruses attach to new cells and repeat the process

III. Viruses

B. Latent Virus – not active

III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away

III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells.

III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells. Example: Cold Sores

III. Viruses B. Latent Virus – not active A virus enters the cell, but isn’t active right away Without warning, will become active and start destroying cells. Example: Cold Sores

1. Gene therapy- doctors attempt to use viruses to “fix” defective hereditary material. a. Alzheimer’s b. Help to prevent genetic disorders (birth defects).

III. Viruses

C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid)

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms.

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms. Difficult to make vaccines for because they are always changing.

III. Viruses C. DNA vs. RNA Viruses DNA viruses (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of DNA When it reproduces it makes exact copies of itself Easier to make vaccines for DNA viruses because they rarely change Examples: chicken pox virus, small pox virus, polio virus RNA viruses (Ribonucleic Acid) Virus core made of RNA The virus easily mutates (changes) over time so it is constantly taking different forms. Difficult to make vaccines for because they are always changing. Examples: Cold virus, Flu virus, HIV

III. Viruses

IV. Pathogenic Organisms

IV. Pathogenic “Organisms” Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls Examples of bacterial pathogens: Strep throat, tetanus, plague, typhoid fever Strep Throat Tetanus Typhoid Fever

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Unlike viruses, these are living things, made of cells A.Bacteria – single-celled organisms without a nucleus Enter body, multiply, damage cells and cause disease Some make toxins = poisons Some can form endospores = protective, thick walls Examples of bacterial pathogens: Strep throat, tetanus, plague, typhoid fever

Bacteria are EVERYWHERE!

…even your cell phone…

IV. Pathogenic Organisms

Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria.

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat.

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat. Milk, other dairy, and many juices are pasteurized

IV. Pathogenic Organisms Antibiotics - Used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Not effective on viruses Examples: Penicillin, Amoxicillin Pasteurization – a process of heating foods to a temperature that kills harmful bacteria and makes food safe to eat. Milk, other dairy, and many juices are pasteurized

Key Terms about bacteria  Bacteria – single celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus; prokaryotes  Bacteria – single celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus; prokaryotes – (you have this definition already)  Flagellum – a long whip-like structure that helps a cell to move  Asexual reproduction – reproductive process involving only one parent, produces offspring identical to the parent

Key Terms  Binary fission – Form of asexual reproduction when a cell divides to form two identical cells  Sexual Reproduction – Two parents combine their genetic material to produce a new organism which differs from both parents  Conjugation – one bacterium transfers some genetic material to another through a threadlike bridge.

Key Terms  Pasteurization – food is heated to a temperature high enough to killmost harmful bacteria  Decomposers – they break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals

IV. Pathogenic Organisms

B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms

IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria

IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue

IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue Examples: Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm Athlete’s Foot Ringworm

IV. Pathogenic Organisms B. Protists – most are simple, single-celled organisms Examples: Amoebic dysentery, Giardia, Malaria C. Fungus – spreading, root-like structures that feed on host tissue Examples: Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm