Cellular Respiration All living things need energy Energy in the form of… Food =chemical energy Cell energy= ATP

Eukaryote vs Prokaryote Glycolytic pathways

Prokaryotes Lack mitochondria?? Free enzymes break down glucose-ATP 1 glucose=2 ATP No O2 needed so… ANAEROBIC Some,however…???

anaerobic gylcolysis Where in the cell does gylcolysis occur? Fate of glucose in the beginning of gylcolysis? Explain “it takes energy to make energy”?? How much net ATP is made? What else is made? 2 types of fermentation? Cytoplasm Fructose (isomer) Invest 2 ATP get 4 Net= 2 ATP CO2 + NADH Lactate or alcohol

Mitochondrial structure Two compartments inner and outer Inner=MATRIX Lotsa folds=…why? Outer=acid…why?

The Mitochondria Double membrane Has it’s own DNA!! Can reproduce in cell…! Endosymbiont?? Possible evolution?

Possible evolution of mitochondria-endosymbiont

The Fate of PYRUVATE Taken into mitochondria Broken down to ACETATE CO2 produced Binds to large protein Coenzyme A to produce acetyl Coenzyme A

The TCA or KREBS CYCLE CO2 NADH & FADH 2 more ATP

Krebs Cycle

Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) What are the reactants? What is produced? What do we mean by nonmembrane reactions? What is NADH? FADH? What is CoA and why is it important? Pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH Enzymes not embedded Energy carriers Escort molecule to Krebs cycle

3 rd alternative pathway… Mitochondria and O2 needed Uses NADH and FADH produced in previous reactions To make more ATP Lots more!!

What is NADH?? FADH?? ENERGY CARRIER! Same for FADH Carrier to…?

Electron Transport System ETS (cytochrome chain) is a series of reduction/oxidation reactions Enzymes embedded in mitochondrial membranes

ETS--Chemiosmosis RedOx reactions pump H+ out of matrix to… Outer compartment H+ = acid…aha!

Chemiosmosis H+ can only “fall” back into matrix thru A special enzyme/protein complex ATP SYNTHASE…guess what that makes?? But…how much ATP??

glycolysis

Alternatives to carbos? Fats (2X calories/gm) but produce ketones Protein produces ammonia!! We utilize some of each but in small amounts

Why are virtually all living things aerobes?? There’s lotsa O2 Mitochondria MORE ATP/glucose! Protective enzymes (SOD, catalase, etc)

Summary What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?? Products? Equation? List the three respiratory stages: Where in the cell do each occur? What are the products of each? Why is oxygen needed? How much ATP is produced by Anaerobic gylcolysis? Aerobic glycolysis? List the 2 types of fermentation??