A group of organelles that take chemical energy and turn it into compounds that the cell can use. This is located in the cytoplasm.

 The matrix is important in the making of ATP in a cell’s mitochondria.  The matrix is located in the mitochondria’s inner membrane.

 Cristae is the site of ATP synthesis (the forming or building of a more complex substance)in mitochondria.  Their folded structure greatly increases the surface area.

 Contains folds called cristae and the matrix, this is where ATP is made in the mitochondria.

 Encloses the entire organelle.  Has a protein-to-phospholipid-ratio similar to the eukaryotic plasma membrane.  Contains numerous proteins called porins.

 Packets of RNA and protein that play an important role in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.  Each ribosome has two parts, a large subunit and small subunit.  It adds amino acids to the lengthening protein chain.

Appears rough or “pebbled” due to the presence of numerous ribosome's on its surface. Proteins synthesized on these ribosome’s collect in the ER for transport throughout the cell.

Appears smooth because it doesn’t have the presence of ribosome’s. It breaks down lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells. It controls the calcium release in muscle cell contraction.

Made of two layers of phospholipids. Has many proteins embedded in it. It regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Contains the DNA responsible for providing the cell with its unique characteristics. It is also enclosed in a double membrane.

 Produces ribosome’s which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.  This is critical to protein synthesis.

A membrane-bound structure with a single membrane. It is important in packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in the cell.

A ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. There are three in each group. The microtubules is part of the cytoskeleton.

The substance of life that serves as a molecular soup in which all of the cell’s organelles are suspended and held together by a membrane. This is found inside the cell membrane.

Has many pores in its surface. These regulate the flow of macromolecules. Each nuclear pore has a diameter of 70 nm.

Made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. Chromosomes are also not visible in a cell’s nucleus-not even under a microscope.

Are common in animal cells, they also contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion.

Helps maintain the cell shape. Organized network of three primary protein filaments:  Microtubules  Actin filaments  Intermediate fibers

Larger in plant cells than in animal cells. Stores nutrients and waste products, helping increase cell size during growth. Water collects in the vacuole, pressing outward against the cell wall and producing rigidity in the plant.

Rigid, protective wall that is made of polysaccharides. Provides and maintains the shape of the cell wan serves as a protective barrier.

Specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. Organelles contains the plant cell’s chlorophyll responsible for the plant’s green color. Have a double outer membrane.

Play a variety of roles including converting fatty acids to sugar and assisting chloroplasts in photorespiration.

 The difference between plant and animal cells are some of the organelles that they have. A plant cell’s vacuole is much larger than an animal’s because plants need to store more water. Next, plant cell’s have a cell wall and chloroplasts, but an animal cell does not. Also, lysosomes are very rare in plant cells but plentiful in animal cells.

 The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and a eukaryotic cell does. Prokaryotic cells are mostly made up of bacteria and other single- celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells are found in animals, plants, and humans.

 The cell cycle is also known as mitosis. 1. Interphase- chromosmes are copied and made into two chromotids. 2. Prophase- The nuclear membrane dissolves and chromosomes begin to condense. 3. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Homologous chromosomes pair up 4. Anaphase- Chromotids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. 5. Telophase- A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and the cell begins to stretch. 6. Cytokinesis- The cell splits in two new cells.  Interphase and Cytokinesis do not occur in mitosis.  In a plant cell, a cell plate forms in between the two cells.

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