Lecture #3 Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell Unit: Cellular Structure & Function

Eukaryotes- organisms like plants or animals that have cells with a nucleus and other organelles. Organelles - little, specialized organs found in all eukaryotic cells, not prokaryotic. Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus-“central office” of the cell that contains DNA where most cell activity is started DNA carries instructions for how to build something. What? Nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane. Why? The nucleolus, is found in the nucleus and makes the ribosomes. Eukaryotic Organelles

Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell where cellular energy (ATP) is generated. Supplies cell with energy through cellular respiration Some cells have more than others—why? Contain DNA Eukaryotic Organelles

Cellular respiration- process in mitochondria in which carbs (like glucose) and oxygen are consumed, releasing carbon dioxide, water, and energy for life (ATP). C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O + energy (ATP) This is why we breathe oxygen and how we use carbs to get energy!!! Plants and animals all respire Eukaryotic Organelles Oxygen and glucose in Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP produced

Endoplasmic reticulum -“highway” system throughout inside of cell. Materials can travel on it throughout the cell. Rough ER (has ribomsomes) vs. Smooth ER. Eukaryotic Organelles

Golgi apparatus-“packaging center” of the cell. Puts finishing touches on proteins and prepares them for shipment out of the cell. Eukaryotic Organelles

Lysosome –“recycling center” Repairs damaged cell parts. Sometimes parts are beyond repair. Eukaryotic Organelles

Vacuoles- “storerooms” in plant and animal cells. What would they store? Larger in plant cells than animal cells. Why? If they shrivel, so does the cell Eukaryotic Organelles

Cell wall for structure AND cell membrane. Larger vacuoles. Chloroplasts Cell membrane only. Small vacuoles. No chloroplasts. Plant vs Animal Eukaryotic Cells

Plant vs Animal Eukaryotic Cells

Cell wall -surrounds the plant cell membrane Is made of cellulose, a carb—paper is this. Give plant cells support and structure Protect cell from bursting if vacuole absorbs a lot of water Plant Eukaryotic Cells

Chloroplast-organelle where photosynthesis occurs. Have DNA like mitochondria Chlorophyll-green pigment in chloroplasts that gathers sunlight needed for this process Plant Eukaryotic Cells

Chloroplasts found only in photosynthetic organisms ( plant cells, some bacteria, some protists) Chloroplasts make an energy source (carbs) that a plant’s mitochondria can use to create ATP energy. Animals get carbs for energy from plants we eat. Plant Eukaryotic Cells

Source of energy for ALL life on Earth!!! Reactants 1.Water 2.Carbon Dioxide 3.Sunlight Products 1.Oxygen gas 2.Glucose (a carb) Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory - mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells that were taken in by other prokaryotes. Creation of first eukaryotic “organelles” Prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes