Photosynthesis Overview Pg Who? Organisms with chlorophyll (Autotrophs) Ex. Plants, Algae, Bacteria

Who?

Photosynthesis Overview Pg What? Energy from the sun is changed to chemical energy (glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 )

What? C 6 H 12 O 6 GLUCOSE

Photosynthesis Overview Pg Where? Chloroplasts

Where?

Photosynthesis Overview Pg Why? To make Glucose (food)

Photosynthesis Overview Pg Reactants: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy

Photosynthesis Overview Pg Products: Glucose + Oxygen

Photosynthesis Overview Pg End Result = Stored Energy

Photosynthesis Overview Pg Formula

PHOTOSYNTHESIS H2OH2O CO 2 O2O2 C 6 H 12 O 6 LIGHT ENERGY GLUCOSE (Chemical Energy) Page 106

Chloroplasts and ATP Pg. 109 A.Chloroplast Structure Stroma – space inside; aqueous fluid Thylakoid – Green Disks that contain chlorophyll Grana – stack of thylakoids

Thylakoid Stroma Grana

Chloroplasts and ATP Pg. 109 B.Two Phases of Photosynthesis 1. Light Dependent Reaction - occurs in thylakoid - traps sunlight and makes electrons and ATP to run the Calvin Cycle

Chloroplasts and ATP Pg Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) - occurs in stroma - uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction and CO2 from the air to make glucose

Color border of the chloroplast green Color the left 2/3 of the inside yellow (lightly) Color the right 1/3 lightly brown

Photo (light reaction) Synthesis (Calvin Cycle)

Pg. 108

The Need for Energy Energy is essential to life. The molecule that stores energy is ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Phosphate groups are CHARGED!!

The Need for Energy The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the molecule is broken down. When the bond between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups in ATP is broken, energy is released. Energy The phosphate molecule is removed through the process of hydrolysis.

Chloroplasts and ATP Pg. 109 C.ATP - adenosine triphosphate High Energy Bond releases energy when broken

Bromothymol “Blues” When carbon dioxide is introduced into water, it dissolves to form a weak acid, carbonic acid Bromothymol blue indicator can indicate the presence of carbonic acid

Color Changes Bromothymol Blue + CO 2 = green to yellow color Bromothymol Blue + O 2 = blue color

Purpose: _____________________________ _____________________________________ To use bromothymol blue, which acts as an indicator, to show if photosynthesis is occurring

PROCEDURE 1. Pour 20 mL of water into a beaker. 2. Add 20 drops of bromothymol blue to the water. 3. Using a straw, GENTLY blow into the solution causing it to bubble for approximately 1 minute

PROCEDURE 4. Label three test tubes 1, 2, and 3. – Test tube one is the control (no elodea) – Test tube two will be the Elodea in the dark – Test tube three will be the Elodea in the light

PROCEDURE 5.Pour half of water/ bromothymol blue solution into each of the three test tubes

PROCEDURE 6. Cover tube 1 with foil (there is no Elodea in tube 1) and place it in the test tube rack. 7. Add a 7cm piece of Elodea to tube 2. Using your straw, GENTLY push the Elodea to the bottom of the test tube. Then cover Tube 2 with foil and place it in the test tube rack. 8. Add a 7cm piece of Elodea to tube 3. Using your straw, GENTLY push the Elodea to the bottom of the test tube. Then place it in the test tube rack. 9. Put test tube stoppers on ALL of your test tubes.

PROCEDURE 10. Place the entire test tube rack under a light source and let it sit the remainder of the class period. 11. At the end of the class period, we will observe and record the colors of the three test tubes and answer the questions

Color after the experiment

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of plant and algal cells. Where are chloroplasts found?

Photosynthesis Pigments like chlorophyll are required for photosynthesis to take place. Photosynthetic pigments are stored in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. Thylakoid grana

Vein

Water enters the plant through the roots and travels up to the leaf through the veins. Water then travels to each cell through a process known as OSMOSIS.

Stomata

Carbon dioxide then travels to each cell through a process known as Diffusion. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata.

PHASE 1 Light Reaction (Light Dependent) Pg Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll

Pg. 110

Pg Electrons jump out of the chlorophyll atoms

Pg Electrons move down the Electron Transport Chain. Electrons are caught by the NADPH compound. ATP is made

Pg Water is broken down into oxygen (given off by plant) and electrons (replace lost electrons in chlorophyll). These electrons recharge the system so the light reaction can happen again.. “PHOTOLYSIS”

Exits through the stomata (tiny holes in leaf)

Pg. 111 *OCCURS IN THE THYLAKOIDS*

Pg. 110

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis happens in 2 phases: – Light-dependent reaction AKA Light reaction – Light-independent reaction AKA Calvin cycle

Light Dependent Reaction The Light Dependent Reaction coverts light energy into chemical energy. Light H2OH2O O Photolysis – splitting (of water) with light H+H+ thylakoids H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ O O O O2O2 O 2 will exit the cell through the stomata

Light Dependent Reaction Light H2OH2O ATP H+H+ ADP Other molecules that are utilized in the light dependent reaction are ADP and NADP, nicotinamide. NADP is an electron carrier. H+H+ thylakoids H+H+ H+H+ H+H+

Light Dependent Reaction Light H2OH2O ATP H+H+ ADP NADP Other molecules that are utilized in the light dependent reaction are ADP and NADP, nicotinamide. NADP is an electron carrier. NADP H+H+ thylakoids Electron carrier NADPH

Light Dependent Reaction Light H2OH2O ATP ADP NADP Other molecules that are utilized in the light dependent reaction are ADP and NADP, nicotinamide. NADP is an electron carrier. NADP thylakoids NADPH ATP NADPH

Pg 112

Phase 2 Calvin Cycle (Light Independent) Pg Electrons and ATP from light reaction get dumped into the Calvin Cycle to run it.

Pg Calvin Cycle: Series of steps that build up compounds using carbon dioxide from the air.

CO 2 enters through the stomata (tiny holes in the leaves of plants)

Pg PGAL compound sometimes leaves the cycle. Two PGAL compounds added together make 1 Glucose.

Pg. 113 *OCCURS IN THE STROMA*

Pg. 112

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis happens in 2 phases: – Light-dependent reaction AKA Light reaction – Light-independent reaction AKA Calvin cycle

Light Independent Reaction The Light Independent Reaction takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. PGAL CO2 C 6 H 12 O 6 3 CARBON MOLECULE stroma ATP NADPH

Light Independent Reaction The Light Independent Reaction takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. PGAL CO2 C 6 H 12 O 6 stroma ATP NADPH ADP NADP

Bromothymol “Blues” Complete your lab, answer the questions, and turn in for a grade

Pg. 22 Directions: Turn your paper sideways and draw the following Chloroplast

Create your Pocket

Color and Label the Following:

Cut out your pictures:

Glue it on the bottom of pg. 23

Pg. 22

Pg. 115 Photosynthesis Summary Process Location Reactants Products “Photo” “Synthesis” Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle Thylakoid Stroma Sunlight Water ATP NADPH Oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide Glucose

Pg 116

Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis Page 117

Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis A. Light ______________ The _________ of photosynthesis ______________ as light intensity increases, because more _______________ are excited in both photosystems. However, at some point all of the ______________ electrons are excited, and the ________________ rate of photosynthesis is reached. The rate then stays __________ regardless of further increases in light. B. Carbon ______________ Levels As with increasing light intensity, increasing levels of carbon dioxide also ______________ photosynthesis until the rate ____________ off. C. Temperature As _________________ increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then ________________ with further rises in temperature. The rate _________ at a certain temperature, at which many of the enzymes that _______________ the reactions become ________________. Also, the stomata (openings on the leaf) begin to ___________, limiting water loss and entry of carbon dioxide.

A. Light Intensity The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases, because more electrons are excited in both photosystems. However, at some point all of the available electrons are excited, and the maximum rate of photosynthesis is reached. The rate then stays Level regardless of further increases in light.

B. Carbon Dioxide Levels As with increasing light intensity, increasing levels of carbon dioxide also increase photosynthesis until the rate levels off.

C. Temperature As temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases to a maximum and then decreases with further rises in temperature. The rate levels off at a certain temperature, at Which many of the enzymes that catalyze the Reactions become denatured. Also, the stomata (openings on the leaf) begin to shrink, limiting water loss and entry of carbon dioxide.

j

The Effect of Light Intensity on Rate of Photosynthesis Total # of Floating Disks Amount of Time (min.)

To determine if light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis Distance from the light source # of disks that are floating ?

Front Left Flap Thylakoid Stroma Grana PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHLOROPLAST

Front Right Flap CELLULAR RESPIRATION MITOCHONDRIA OUTER MEMBRANE INNER MEMBRANE MATRIX CRISTAE

Left Inside Flap Equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Light Dependent Reaction: Light is absorbed Water is broken down into electrons and oxygen ATP is made Light Independent Reaction: Energy and electrons used with Carbon Dioxide to make Glucose

Right Inside Flap Equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy Glycolysis: Break down glucose into pyruvate In the cytoplasm 2 ATP made Kreb’s Cycle: In mitochondria NAD and FAD pick up electrons Carbon dioxide is released 2 ATP made Electron Transport Chain: In mitochondria Oxygen is needed 32 ATP made

PHOTORESPIRATION DIAGRAM

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are equal and opposite reactions METABOLISM—ENERGY TRANSFORMATION