© Cengage Learning 2016 Personal Nutrition, 9e Boyle | Long Impact of Fluids and Beverages on Nutritional Health 9

© Cengage Learning Describe the functions of water (fluid) in the body. 9.2Identify strategies for selecting juices with maximum nutritional benefits. 9.3List nutritional benefits derived from milk consumption. 9.4Identify benefits and risks associated with consumption of caffeinated beverages. Chapter Objectives

© Cengage Learning List health concerns associated with functional beverages. 9.6Identify factors that influence absorption and metabolism of alcohol. 9.7Describe the effects of fetal exposure to alcohol. Chapter Objectives

© Cengage Learning 2016 Beverage selections impact healthfulness of overall diet –Calories from beverages varies by age and gender –Sweetened beverages contribute high proportion of added sugar intake Introduction

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Adults consume and excrete one and one- half to three quarts of water per day –Sources include beverages and foods –Recommended amount: 1.0 to 1.5 milliliters of water for each calorie expended Makeup of water –Hard water has a high mineral (calcium and magnesium) content –Soft water has high sodium amount with little or no calcium or magnesium 9.1 Water

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Keeping water safe –The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Monitors municipal water supplies Sets limits for potential contaminants, e.g., mercury, nitrate, and silver, in drinking water –Cryptosporidium is a potential parasitic contaminant 9.1 Water

© Cengage Learning 2016 Keeping water safe –Methods of removing contaminants Boiling tap water for one minute Running water through a special filter system “Flushing” the tap for one minute with cold water Bottled water –One of the most popular beverages in America –May not be any more pure or healthful than tap water 9.1 Water

© Cengage Learning 2016 Bottled water –The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Oversees the industry Follows EPA’s regulations Requires clear labeling of bottled waters –Detriments of bottled water Plastic bottles increase the use of non-renewable resources Costs 250 to 10,000 times more per gallon than tap water 9.1 Water

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Benefits of fruit and vegetable juices –Provide antioxidants and phytochemicals –Count toward MyPlate recommendations Check labels for 100 percent fruit/vegetable juice –Other blends include added sugars Juices lack the fiber found in whole fruits or vegetables 9.2 Juices

© Cengage Learning 2016 Juices with benefits –Darker, more colorful juices have more phytochemicals, e.g., lycopene and beta- carotene –Examples Pink grapefruit juice Cranberry juice Orange juice Tomato juice (watch for added salt) 9.2 Juices

© Cengage Learning 2016 Refers to liquid made by mammary glands and also plant-based products, e.g., soy milk Composition varies by mammal species Nutrient-dense food supplying –Protein, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, vitamin A, vitamin D, potassium, magnesium, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and zinc Total per capita milk consumption has declined, particularly for adolescents 9.3 Milk

© Cengage Learning 2016 Caffeine: a type of compound, methylxanthine –Consumed in coffee, teas, soft drinks, and energy drinks –Most widely used behaviorally active drug in the world Studies report both positive and negative health effects –Jitteriness is attributed to caffeine 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Caffeine dependence syndrome is characterized by three of four of the following criteria: –Withdrawal symptoms –Caffeine consumption despite knowledge of potential harm –Repeated, unsuccessful attempts to cut back on caffeine –Tolerance to caffeine If trying to cut back, do so gradually 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

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Coffee –Research shows reduced risk of some diseases associated with coffee consumption Type 2 diabetes, stroke, depression, and degenerative diseases, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's –Antioxidants in coffee inhibit inflammation Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease –Moderate consumption is advised Two to three cups per day 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Tea –Type of tea is determined by processing method Green tea: leaves are steamed at high temperatures, followed by drying and rolling steps Black tea: fermented Oolong: produced by “solar withering” followed by partial fermentation –Rich in phytochemicals, antioxidants, and caffeine 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health benefits of tea –Lowers risk of cardiovascular disease Reduces inflammation Decreases total cholesterol Decreases LDL-cholesterol Protects against blood clot formation Decreases blood pressure 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health benefits of tea –Decreases risk of cancer Inhibits carcinogenesis Suppresses formation of carcinogenic substances Increases the effectiveness of some chemotherapeutic agents 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health benefits of tea –Protects against neurodegenerative diseases Decreases plaque formation associated with Alzheimer’s disease Raises dopamine levels to ward off Parkinson’s disease Protects against deterioration of brain function –Drinking more tea provides greater benefits 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Cocoa –Indigenous crop in the equatorial rain forests of Central and South America Introduced to Europe in the 1500s –Nutrients in cocoa Minerals (e.g., potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium), antioxidants, phytochemicals, and caffeine –May be beneficial for cardiovascular health 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Soft drinks: cold, carbonated, sweetened (sugar or noncaloric) beverages –Contribute to empty-calorie intake in the U.S. replacing nutrient-dense foods Nutrition and health issues related to effects of consuming regular soft drinks –Increased energy consumption –Increased weight –Lower consumption of calcium, protein, riboflavin, and fiber 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Nutrition and health issues related to effects of consuming regular soft drinks –Lower intake of milk, fruit, fruit juices –Increased risk of several medical problems Type 2 diabetes Osteoporosis and bone fracture Dental caries Increased blood pressure 9.4 Caffeinated Beverages: Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, and Soft Drinks

© Cengage Learning 2016 Energy drinks: nonalcoholic beverages –Supposedly contain energy-enhancing ingredients What concerns surround energy drinks? –The drinks are not regulated by FDA –Caffeine levels are not suitable for all –Mixing with alcohol increases heart arrhythmias –Consuming before or during exercise may cause light-headedness and nausea 9.5 Functional Beverages

© Cengage Learning 2016 What concerns surround energy drinks? –Caffeine in sports drinks may be counterproductive for replacing fluids lost during exercise –Mixing various stimulants can intensify their effects making them potentially unsafe –Sudden cessation of use may cause withdrawal symptoms 9.5 Functional Beverages

© Cengage Learning 2016 Sports drinks –1965: Gatorade™ was invented to alleviate dehydration and muscle cramps –It is a $4.0 billion market today What should you look for in a sports drink? –Seven percent carbohydrate Glucose, sucrose, or fructose –No carbonation –No caffeine 9.5 Functional Beverages

© Cengage Learning 2016 “Enhanced” waters –Waters with added vitamins Excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins flush out of the body along with the water Fat-soluble vitamins need fat present to be absorbed Sugar, if present as excess calories, will be stored as fat –Water with fiber Maltodextrin is a soluble fiber and does not help with “regularity” 9.5 Functional Beverages

© Cengage Learning 2016 “Enhanced” waters –“Antioxidant water” is not verified by research as helping to protect your body –No more healthful than other sugar-containing beverages 9.5 Functional Beverages

© Cengage Learning 2016 Ethanol (EtOH) –Supplies energy: seven calories/gram –Is not an essential nutrient –Is not stored in the body Absorption and metabolism of alcohol –Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine Alcohol absorbed in the small intestine is transported to the liver where it is metabolized 9.6 Alcohol

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Absorption and metabolism of alcohol –Alcohol is disseminated throughout the body while awaiting metabolism Liver metabolizes one-half ounce of alcohol per hour Rate of metabolism depends on the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase produced in the liver –Controlled consumption can prevent intoxication 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Factors influencing absorption and metabolism –Food in the stomach slows alcohol absorption –Gender: women metabolize alcohol less efficiently than men due to proportionately smaller amounts of body water –Ethnicity: Native Americans have higher rates of liver damage due to alcohol consumption than members of other groups 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Effects of alcohol –Alcohol and medications Medications can increase the effects of alcohol –Alcohol and sex hormones Alcohol impairs testosterone synthesis and sperm production –Alcohol and urine output Alcohol blocks the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), increasing urine output May cause dehydration 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Effects of alcohol –Alcohol and hangovers Dehydration is the main factor contributing to hangover ailments –Alcohol and blood alcohol level (BAL) BAL is affected by the amount of alcohol ingested and how quickly it is consumed 9.6 Alcohol

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Effects of alcohol –Alcohol and driving Never drink and drive Alcohol impairs response time –Alcohol and tolerance Metabolic tolerance: increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure Functional tolerance: change in sensitivity to a drug 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Effects of alcohol –Alcohol and tolerance Alcohol abuse: continued use of alcohol despite negative psychological, social, family, employment, or school problems caused by the alcohol use Alcohol dependency (alcoholism): a condition marked by compulsive, uncontrollable drinking that has negative effects on the affected person’s physical 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Impact of alcohol on nutrition –Depends on the amount consumed and current health status Weight gain can occur due to additional calories from drinking alcohol –Effects of heavy drinking Protein deficiency can develop Stomach cells become prone to ulcers Intestinal cells fail to absorb thiamin, folate, and vitamin B Alcohol

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Impact of alcohol on nutrition –Effects of heavy drinking Liver cells lose ability to activate vitamin D Bile production and excretion are altered Rod cells in the retina process ethanol rather than retinol Kidneys excrete increased amounts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc, and folate A vitamin B 6 deficiency develops leading to lowered production of red blood cells 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health benefits of alcohol –One drink per day is associated with lowest death rates from all causes Benefits are tied to the alcohol rather than the type of alcoholic beverage, e.g., wine –Alcohol and cardiovascular health A positive correlation exists between moderate alcohol consumption and decreased incidence of heart disease Protective effect of alcohol is attributed to increased HDL-cholesterol levels 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health risks of alcohol –Accidents Alcohol affects judgment and slows reflexes Likelihood of homicide and suicide increase with drinking –Drug interactions Alcohol and drugs compete for metabolism— medicine remaining in the body longer may lead to side effects Refer to Table Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health risks of alcohol –Night blindness Alcohol blocks formation of retinal needed for low- light vision –Breast cancer One drink per day may increase breast cancer risk –Other cancers Smoking and drinking combined increase the risk of cancer of the throat and esophagus Colon cancer risk is higher with alcohol use 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health risks of alcohol –Liver damage Alcoholic hepatitis: inflammation of the liver Cirrhosis: scarring of liver tissue that interferes with blood flow and liver function –High blood pressure and stroke –Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas Permanent damage can occur over time 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health risks of alcohol –Gastrointestinal symptoms Gastritis, stomach and intestinal ulcers, diarrhea, and weight loss –Brain damage Brain cells die Brain mass is reduced –Decreased sex hormone production Impairs testosterone secretion; lowers sperm count Disrupts menstrual cycle 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Health risks of alcohol –Anemia Excessive alcohol decreases levels of iron and B vitamins –Emotional and social problems Alcohol can cause anxiety and depression Drinking can contribute to marital and family problems, including domestic violence Drinking can lead to work-related problems 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Moderation is defined as –Men: no more than two drinks per day –Women: no more than one drink per day A standard serving of any type of alcohol –Contains the same amount of alcohol A standard serving is –12 ounces of regular beer (150 calories) –5 ounces of wine (100 calories) The Savvy Diner: What Is a Drink?

© Cengage Learning 2016 A standard serving is –1-1⁄2 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits (100 calories) –12 ounces of wine/malt or spirit-based cooler (210–230 calories) –3 ounces of sherry or port (130 calories) –9-3⁄4 ounces of malt liquor (135 calories) The Savvy Diner: What Is a Drink?

© Cengage Learning 2016 Who should abstain from drinking? –Children and adolescents –Any individual who cannot restrict drinking to moderate levels –Women who may become or who are pregnant –Any person who plans to drive or operate machinery –Individuals who are taking medicines that interact with alcohol The Savvy Diner: What Is a Drink?

© Cengage Learning 2016 Weighing the pros and cons of alcohol consumption –Consider the leading causes of death for people in your age group and gender What is alcohol abuse or alcoholism? –Scale of alcohol addiction Use Misuse Abuse Dependency/addiction 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 What is alcohol abuse or alcoholism? –What is AA? Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is “a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other that they may solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism.” Their 12 Step Program focuses on the physical act of abstaining from alcohol as well as on the psychosocial aspects Members’ anonymity is preserved 9.6 Alcohol

© Cengage Learning 2016 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) criteria –Maternal drinking during pregnancy –Characteristic pattern of facial abnormalities –Growth retardation –Brain damage, often manifested by intellectual difficulties or behavioral problems Refer to Table 9-5 Alcohol consumed by the mother crosses the placenta 9.7 Spotlight: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

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FAS effects on children are irreversible Pregnant women can prevent FAS by not consuming alcohol –No amount of alcohol is safe during pregnancy –A woman attempting to get pregnant should not drink alcohol –No type of alcoholic beverage is exempt 9.7 Spotlight: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder