Lesson 1: Nutrition Lesson 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System The Digestive System and Nutrition

Lesson 1 Nutrition Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Identify the major categories of nutrients. Identify nutrients that can have negative effects on your health, and describe the negative effects. Objectives

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. energy macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals Nutrition

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. measuring the body’s energy use –calories –kilocalories basal metabolic rate –energy required for one day at rest –varies by individual For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5 For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) – 161 Energy

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. nutrients –substances needed for energy growth maintenance Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. carbohydrates proteins fats (lipids) vitamins minerals Nutrients

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. sugars starches 1 gram supplies 4 Calories one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates Carbohydrates

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. made of amino acids essential amino acids –must be part of diet nonessential amino acids –body can make one gram supplies 4 Calories one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins Proteins Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. lipids saturated fats monounsaturated fats polyunsaturated fats trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats) Fats

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. one gram supplies 9 Calories minimize trans and saturated fat intake less than 25–35% of total calories from fat Fats

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. chemicals needed for proper metabolism types of vitamins –fat-soluble may be stored in the body –water-soluble are not stored in the body vitamin deficiency Vitamins

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. elements needed for proper body function examples –calcium –potassium –iron –phosphorus Minerals

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Water-Soluble Vitamins

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1 – 4 below: carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, iron calories per gram 2. water soluble 3. sugar 4. mineral Review and Assessment

Lesson 2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Identify the organs of the digestive system and explain their functions. Describe how food is digested and absorbed. Objectives

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. activities of digestion layers of the alimentary canal digestive organs and their functions Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. (1) ingestion –getting food into the body (2) propulsion –moving food along GI tract (3) mechanical breakdown –breaks food into smaller pieces –increases surface area of food Activities of Digestion

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. (4) chemical breakdown –also known as digestion –enzymes (5) absorption –digested food particles moved into blood (6) defecation Activities of Digestion

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Activities of Digestion

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. mucosa –innermost layer –adjacent to lumen submucosa –below mucosa Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. muscularis externa –circular muscle –longitudinal muscle serosa –outermost layer –peritoneum visceral parietal Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food. 2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen. 3. Peritoneum is serosa. 4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood. Review and Assessment

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. the oral cavity the nasal cavity teeth and gums salivary glands pharynx esophagus Digestive Organs and Their Functions

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. stomach small intestine liver and gallbladder pancreas large intestine rectum, anal canal, and anus Digestive Organs and Their Functions

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. lips tongue cheeks palate –hard –soft The Oral Cavity

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. passageway for air uvula –hangs from soft palate –keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing The Nasal Cavity

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. gum –gingiva teeth –deciduous –permanent incisor canine molar Teeth and Gums

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. parotid submandibular sublingual saliva –water –enzymes Salivary Glands

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx –glottis –epiglottis Pharynx

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis –muscle contraction changes size of tube –food is moved through GI tract Esophagus

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. regions –cardia –fundus –body –pyloric region three layers of muscle Stomach

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. gastric gland –mucus-secreting cells –parietal cells –chief cells –enteroendocrine cells Lining of the Stomach

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. protein-digesting enzymes chyme formation stomach contractions Chemical Reactions in the Stomach

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1 – 4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus. 1. region of stomach 2. connects pharynx to stomach 3. a type of tooth 4. a type of salivary gland Review and Assessment

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. segments –duodenum –jejunum –ileum lining –villi –intestinal crypts Small Intestine

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. chemical breakdown –emulsification by bile –break down by enzymes absorption into the blood –from capillaries to the blood –lacteal to lymph –vitamin B 12 Small Intestine

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Functions of the liver maintains nutrients in blood converts one nutrient to another stores nutrients inactivates toxins hepatic portal vein parts of the liver –lobules –hepatocytes –blood vessels –bile canaliculi –bile salts

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Liver and Gallbladder

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. functions of the gallbladder –stores bile produced by liver –releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum The Gallbladder

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. pancreatic juices –contain digestive enzymes glucose regulation –beta cells–insulin –alpha cells – glucagon Pancreas

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. regions –cecum –colon ascending transverse descending sigmoid Large Intestine

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. rectum anal canal anus –sphincters internal external Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder. 1. a region of the colon 2. a region of the small intestine 3. stores bile 4. produce insulin Review and Assessment

Lesson 3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Describe some of the common disorders and diseases of the digestive system. Explain the damage that gingivitis can do in the oral cavity as well as throughout the entire body. Describe lifestyle changes that would lessen the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Objectives

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. gingivitis and periodontal disease –plaque forms tarter cardiovascular disease gastroesophageal reflux disease –heartburn ulcers –Helicobacter pylori Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. gastroenteritis –inflammation of stomach or intestine inflammatory bowel disease –chronic inflammation –ulcerative colitis –Crohn’s disease constipation and diarrhea –infrequent or too frequent defecation Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. hepatitis –inflammation of liver pancreatitis –inflammation of pancreas gallstones –bile forms crystals –cholecystectomy cancer –digestive system cancers are common Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System Roblan/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________. Review and Assessment