SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARASWATI INSTITUTE OF TECHONOLOGY ENROLLMENT NO. NAME 130760106058 VEKARIYA KISHAN 130760106059 VIRPARA DAVAL 130760106060 SANGHANI VIVEK 130760106061 VORA NIDHI 130760106062 WALEKAR JIGNASA 130760106063 MEHTA YASH BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ROOF AND ROOF COVERING INTRODUCTION ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD ROOF CLASSIFICATION OF ROOFS TECHNICAL TERM [A] PITCHED ROOFS & [B] TYPES OF PITCHED ROOFS STEEL ROOF TRUSS ROOF COVERINGS FOR PITCHED ROOF FLAT ROOFS

WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG OBJECTS OF PLASTERING REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PLASTER TYPES OF MORTAR FOR PLASTERING METHODS OF PLASTERING SPECIAL TYPES OF PLASTER FINISHES SPECIAL MATERIAL USED IN PLASTERING DEFECTS IN PLASTERING POINTING TYPES OF POINTING

WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG PAINTING CONSTITUTE OF A PAINT CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD PAINT TYPES OF PAINTS PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACE DEFECTS IN PAINTING

ROOF AND ROOF COVERINGS A Roof may be defined as a covering material, supported on the structural member, provided over the top of the building with a view to keep out rain, snow, sun and wind and to protect the building from the adverse effects of these elements.... The structural elements may be trusses, portals, flat slab, shells, domes & beam, etc.... The roof coverings may be A.C. Sheets, G.I. Sheets, thatch, wooden shingles, tiles, slats or slab itself. In selecting a roof for a structure , the following factors are to be considered: Weather effects Strength and stability Heat insulation Ventilation Lighting Sound insulation Asthetics

Requirements of a good roof: It should have adequate strength and stability to carry super imposed dead loads and live loads. It should be well drained. It should be water proof. It should be fire proof. It should have adequate thermal insulation. It should be durable.

Terminology

Technical terms Lean-to roof: This is simplest type of roof which slopes only in one direction. Gable roof: This is the type of roof which slope in two directions. Hip roof: This roof is formed by four sloping surfaces. Deck roof: A deck roof has slopes in all four directions. Span: It is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam or roof truss. Rise: It is the vertical distance between the top of the ridge and the wall plate. Pitch: It is the ratio of rise to span. Ridge: It is defined as the apex line of the sloping roof. Eaves: The lower edge of the inclined roof surface is called eaves. Hips: It is the ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping surfaces. Valley: It is a reverse of hip. It is formed by the intersection of two roof surfaces marking a external angle less than 180.

Gable: the triangular upper part of a wall formed at the end of a pitched roof. Verge: The edge of a gable running between the eaves and ridge. Wall Plates: Usually 100 x 50 mm softwood timbers are fixed to the top of load bearing walls to distribute loads and provide fixings for roof timbers. Common Rafter: These are inclined timbers fixed between wall plate and ridge which transmit live and dead loads to wall plate. Barge board: It is a timber board used to hold the common rafter forming verge. Purlins: These are horizontal members of wood or steel, used to support common rafter. Hip rafter: These are the sloping rafter which form the hip of a sloped roof. Batten: these are thin strips of wood which are nailed to the rafter for laying roofing materials. Template: This is a square blocks of stone , placed under a beam or truss to spread the load over a large area of the wall. Types of Roofs: Pitched roofs / Sloping roofs. Flat roof Curved roof Domes

Pitched roofs: Pitched roofs are those which have the decks or surface with considerable slope for covering the building structure. In pitched roofs, the slope of roof may vary from 1:1 or 1:3. in areas of heavy snowfall steeper slopes of 1:1.5 or 1:1 are provided to reduce the incidence of snow load on the roof. Advantages : These are the cheapest types of roof. Pitched roofs are ideally suited for hill area. These are suitable for building in coastal areas. Self weight of pitched roof is less as compared to flat roof. Construction is faster. Disadvantages: These roofs cannot be used as terrace. Upper floors cannot be constructed over pitched roof. It is not fire proof. It has no insulating properties. It is not stable against high wind velocity. Construction is difficult.

Types of Pitched roofs

Roof coverings for Pitched roof: Thatch covering Shingles Tiles Galvanized corrugated iron sheets A.C. sheets Slate. Procedure for laying A.C. Sheets: The sheets should be laid with smooth side upward and the end marked ‘Top’ pointing upwards the ridge. They are usually laid with an end lap of 15 cm. The side lap for A.C. corrugated sheet should be of half corrugation and that for A.C. Trafford sheet be of one corrugation. The hole for fixing accessories must be drilled and not punched. The hole must be drilled in the crown of the corrugation. The diameter of the hole should be 3 mm greater than the diameter of the screw to be used. 8mmdiameter hook bolt, l-bolt, crank bolt or croach bolt are inserted in the 11mm diameter drilled holes. Miter is necessary to avoid gaps where four sheets meet at a lap.

Flat roof: A roof which is nearly flat is known as flat roof. Advantages: Construction and maintenance is easy. The roof can be used as terrace. It has better insulating properties. It can be made fire proof. Stable against high winds. They do not require false ceiling. Flat roofs are proved to be overall economical. Disadvantages: It cannot be used for long life span without construction of beams and columns. The self weight of flat roof is high. They are unsuitable for places with heavy rainfall. It is difficult to locate and rectify leaks. The initial cost is more The speed of construction is slow

Types of flat roof Mud terrace roofing

WALL FINISHES PLASTERING , POINTING AND PAINTIG PALSTERING......... The term plastering is the process of covering rough surface of walls ceilings, columns etc.. With a thin coat of plastic materials to obtain an even, smooth and surface. The plastering on external exposed surfaces is termed as rendering.. OBJECTS OF PLASTERING.... To obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable surface. To conceal defective workmanship and covers up and cheap quality material. To provide a satisfactory base for decorating the surface by white washing, colour washing, distempering or painting. External plastering known as rendering is done to protect the external surfaces against penetration of rain water & other atmospheric agencies.

Requirements of good plaster.. It should be hard & durable. It should possess proper workability. It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions. It should protect the external surfaces from rain water. It should be cheap. Types of mortars for plastering... Mortar..... A mortar is a homogeneous plastic mixture, obtained by process of uniform mixing of binding material, fine aggregates, water to make a paste of required consistency & used to bind a masonry unit. The various types of mortars used for plastering are as follows: Lime mortar Cement mortar Lime cement mortar

Lime mortar: The mortar used for lime plaster is prepared by mixing lime & sand in the proportion of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:4... Cement lime mortar: The mortar used for cement plaster is prepared by mixing cement & sand in the proportion of 1:4 to 1:6. Cement lime mortar: The proportion used for cement lime plaster may vary from 1:1:6 to 1:2:9... Methods of plastering... Preparation of background: The preparation of background for plastering is very important, as the durability of plaster depends upon its adhesion with the background. Lime plaster: One coat plaster Three coat plaster Second coat Third coat or finishing coat

Cement plaster & cement lime plaster: One coat plaster Two coat plaster Two coat sand faced plaster Three coat plaster Plaster on lath Stucco plastering: Stucco for interior walls Stucco for exterior walls Special types of plaster finishes: The plastered surfaces may be finished in various forms. The various types of finishing treatments adopted for external surfaces are as follows: Smooth cast Rough cast Pebble dash Scrapped finish textured finish

Special materials used in plastering: The special material used in plastering are as follows... Plaster of pairs Keene’s cement Acoustical plaster Barium plaster Asbestos marble plaster Granite silicon plaster Snowcrete and colourcrete cements Defects in plastering: Cracking Blistering of plaster Efflorescence Falling out of plaster Popping Rust stains

POINTING: Pointing is the process of filling the masonry joints with the mortar of slightly richer mix. In exposed masonry , the rain water may enter through the mortar joints. Therefore the mortar joints in masonry are raked out to a depth of 13 mm & then it is filled with rich mortar. MORTAR: The pointing may be done by using different types of mortars: The mortar for lime pointing may be done with lime mortar(1:2), where 1 part lime & 2 part of sand or surkhi are mixed in a grinding mill. The mortar for cement pointing is made with CM by mixing 1 part cement & 3 part of sand. METHOD OF POINTING: The Mortar is pressed into the raked joints with a pointing trowel & made flush, sunk or raised according to the type of pointing required. The pointing lines should be regular, truly horizontal & vertical. In case of random rubble masonry, where the joints are slanting, the lines should meet at or near the junctions. The pointing should be kept wet for about a week.

TYPES OF POINTING: THE various types of pointing generally used are as follow: Flush pointing Struck pointing Recessed pointing Rubbed, keyed or grooved pointing Beaded pointing V-grooved pointing Weathered pointing Tuck pointing

PAINTING: PAINT & PAINTTING: The paints are the liquid composition of pigments & organic-binders, when applied on timber, metal & plastered surfaces, on drying, forms a thin film to provide a decorative finish & protection o the painted surface. The paints may preserve wooden structures against warping, checking or decay. Painting on masonry & concrete surfaces may resist checking & disintegration, which increase the life of structure. Painting on metal surfaces at suitable intervals may prevent the metal surfaces from corrosion. CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT: The various constituents of a paint are as follow: A base A colouring pigment A binder or a vehicle A solvent or thinner A drier

CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD OR IDEAL PAINT: The various characteristics of a good paint are as follows: It should stick properly to the surface & seal the porous substrata. It should provide adequate protection & decoration to the surface. It should be readily available & economical to use. It should dry rapidly. It should not possess cracks, flakes on drying. TYPES OF PAINTS: Aluminium paint Anti corrosive paints Asbestos paints Bituminous paints Bronze paints Cellulose paints Casein paints Cement based paints Emulsion paints Enamel paints Oil paints Plastic paints Synthetic rubber paints Silicates paints

PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES: Painting on new woodwork Painting old wood work Painting iron and steel work Painting galvanised iron work Painting plastered surface DEFECTS IN PAINTING: BLISTERING FLAKING FADING FLASHING BLOOM GRINNING CRAWLING OR SAGGING RUNNING SPONIFICATION

GUIDANCE BY: Prof. A.P.Satashia THANK YOU…..