International Police Education for the Rule of Law: Obstacles, Facilitators, Curricula, Pedagogy, and Delivery 12 th UNITED NATIONS WORLD CONGRESS ON CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Salvador, Brazil – 12 to 19 April 2010 Gordon A. Crews, Ph.D. & Angela West Crews, Ph.D. Marshall University (USA/WV) International Police Executive Symposium (USA/NY) IPES

Overview 1.Purpose of Presentation 2.Police and the Rule of Law 3.Police Education/Training and the Rule of Law 4.Barriers to Police Education and Training 5.Overcoming Barriers to Police Education and Training 6.Key Principles of Rule of Law Education and Training 7.Proposed Curricular Components 8.“International Police Command Program (IPCP): Proposing an International Program of Police Education for the Rule of Law” International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

1. Purpose of Today’s Presentation Provide information about: – Importance of educating police officers – Importance of police education for the Rule of Law – Relationship of uneducated policing to increased public risk and crime – Practical and philosophical barriers to education and how to overcome those barriers – Potential for distance education and training in educating police officers – Model curricula for international police education and academy training for the Rule of Law – Various learning platforms through which international online distance education can be accomplished International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

1. Purpose of Today’s Presentation Propose Police Rule of Law Education/Training Curricula which will: – Aid in creating political and legal frameworks within which the police can perform/ROL – Emphasize lessons learned and best policing practices – Assist those working to develop and strengthen democratic policing – Articulate the objectives of democratic policing and their importance to maintaining the Rule of Law – Elaborate on structural and managerial aspects within the police which are considered necessary to achieve and sustain democratic policing International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

2. Police and the Rule of Law Police are the most visible manifestation of government authority responsible for public security Under enormous pressure to counter new threats to international and national security Maintaining national and international law and respect human rights at all times International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

2. Police and the Rule of Law Police are an indispensable element of stability and security of any country Democratization process in some societies has brought a growing emphasis on the Rule of Law Lack of a standardized conceptual foundation to guide police Revealing need to offer education/training accessible to those concerned with policing International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

3. Police Education/Training for the Rule of Law Police Education = Citizen Education = Safer Society = Better Quality of Life = Mutual Trust and Support Respect given = Respect received = Safer Society Police honoring Rule of Law = Public honoring Rule of Law International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

4. Barriers to Police Education & Training Access – Availability – Opportunity (Quality?) Work schedules/responsibilities Personal Interest/Motivation Supervisor Interest/Motivation Department Interest/Motivation Lack of $£€¥ = Money/Funding Need proper Training/Education programs Research based/Best Practices Qualified Instructors “Need Based” for individual application Internal Internal have to deal with internal issues External External can help deal with external issues International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

5. Overcoming Barriers to Police Education & Training Alternative Delivery Systems: – Distance learning (Online Courses) – DVD/CD Courses – Satellite Television Training/Courses – Interactive technology using video – Simulator technology – Video lectures/clips – PowerPoint Lectures – Audio recordings – Online exams/testing – Online readings/PDF files – Onsite Instructors/Exchange Requirements: – Computer – Internet Access (?) – Television/Satellite Connection – These types of infrastructures are already widely available around the world – Various formats of exchanges: Instructors come to host country Police officers go to host country 9

We acknowledge the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) “Guidebook on Democratic Policing” Following information is adopted from their “Guidebook on Democratic Policing” and efforts from their 2008 meeting in Vienna, Austria

5 Key Principles for Rule of Law in Policing I.Objectives of Democratic Policing II.Upholding Rule of Law III.Police Ethics & Human Rights IV.Police Accountability and Transparency V.Police Organization and Management Issues International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Key Principle I I. Objectives of Democratic Policing – The police are the most visible manifestation of government authority – Their main duties are to: maintain public tranquility and law and order; protect and respect the individual’s fundamental rights and freedoms; prevent and combat crime; and to provide assistance and services to the public. – Police officers will enhance the legitimacy of the State if they demonstrate in their daily work that they are: responsive to public needs and expectations; and use the authority of the State in the people’s interest. International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Proposed Curricular Components: Objectives of Democratic Policing – Policing as a Public Service Responsive & Cooperative Egalitarian & Fair/Unbiased – Democratic Objectives Gatekeepers in conflict International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Key Principle II II. Upholding the Rule of Law – While pursuing these objectives, the police must: operate in accordance with the domestic law and the international law demonstrate commitment to the rule of law in practice. – Legislation and written policies governing the police should be: clear; precise; and also accessible to the public. International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Proposed Curricular Components: Upholding the Rule of Law – The Role of the Police Domestic laws & criminal offenses International human rights standards Agency rules, policies, practices & procedures Police power – Cooperation within the criminal justice sector Place of police within CJS International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Key Principle III III. Police Ethics and Human Rights – In order to live up to the public’s trust, the police must adhere to a code of professional conduct and demonstrate: Professionalism; and integrity. – This code should reflect the highest ethical values, expressed in: prohibitions; and imperatives of police work. – The police have particular powers to: temporarily deprive people of their freedom; limit the full enjoyment of their rights; and, in extreme circumstances, to use even lethal force. – Therefore, police officers must perform their duties in accordance with: universally agreed standards of human rights; and civil and political rights. Protection and preservation of life must be their highest priority. International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Proposed Curricular Components: Police Ethics & Human Rights Police Ethics Corruption Issues Human Rights Discrimination Issues Police Investigations Support of Victims and Witnesses of Crime Arrest and Detention Maintaining Public Order and Safeguarding Democratic Freedoms Use of (Excessive) Force/Brutality Torture, Enforced Disappearance, and other Cruel or Degrading Treatment International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Key Principle IV IV. Police Accountability and Transparency – Democratic policing requires that the police be and consider themselves to be accountable to: the citizens; their representatives; the State; and the law. – Therefore, their activities must be open to scrutiny by a variety of oversight institutions– ranging from: the behavior of individual police officers to the strategies for police operations to appointment procedures or to budget management – Furthermore, a central feature of democratic policing is the understanding that the consent of the people is required. Prerequisites for gaining public support are: providing transparency in police operations; and cultivating communication and mutual understanding with the public the police serve and protect. International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Proposed Curricular Components: Police Accountability & Transparency – Accountability & Control – Relationship of Police to Oversight Institutions – Relationship of Police to the Public (Partnership) – Mechanisms for Requesting Police Service – Police-Media Relations – Public Dissemination of Reports – Creation of Forums for Open Discussions – Community-Based Policing – Outreach to Minority Communities – Cooperation with Civil Society Groups (NGO, faith) International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Key Principle V V. Police Organization and Management Issues – States are obliged to create a structural and managerial environments that will enable the police to effectively and efficiently implement the provisions of the Rule of Law, domestic and international law, and accepted human rights standards. – This includes issues such as: the chain of command; regulations on supervision; the composition of the police; the rights of police personnel; and the provision of adequate resources. International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

Proposed Curricular Components: Police Organization & Management – Chain of Command and Operational Autonomy Relationship with government – Supervision – Composition of the Police – Recruitment and Retention – Promotion and Career Development – Rights of Police Personnel – Equipment – Training International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil

International Police Command Program (IPCP): Proposing an International Program of Police Education for the Rule of Law (Currently under development by presenters and will be seeking host countries and funding by Fall 2010) Gordon A. Crews, Ph.D. and Angela West Crews, Ph.D. Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia 22

International Police Education~ Dr. G. Crews & Dr. A. Crews, 12th United Nations World Congress on CP and CJ, Brazil 2010 Contact Information Dr. Gordon A. CrewsDr. Angela West Crews Marshall University Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology One John Marshall Drive Huntington, West Virginia USA

Contact Information for Author Gordon A. Crews, Ph.D. Professor of Criminal Justice & Criminology Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia