Electric Charge and Electric Field Chapter 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Learning Goals for Chapter 21 Looking forward at … how objects become electrically charged, and how we know that electric charge is conserved. how to use Coulomb’s law to calculate the electric force between charges. the distinction between electric force and electric field. how to use the idea of electric field lines to visualize and interpret electric fields. how to calculate the properties of electric charge distributions, including dipoles. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Introduction Water makes life possible: The cells of your body could not function without water in which to dissolve essential biological molecules. What electrical properties of the water molecule allow it to be such a good solvent? We now begin our study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental forces. We start with electric charge and look at electric fields. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric charge Plastic rods and fur (real or fake) are particularly good for demonstrating electrostatics, the interactions between electric charges that are at rest (or nearly so). After we charge both plastic rods by rubbing them with the piece of fur, we find that the rods repel each other. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric charge When we rub glass rods with silk, the glass rods also become charged and repel each other. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric charge A charged plastic rod attracts a charged glass rod; furthermore, the plastic rod and the fur attract each other, and the glass rod and the silk attract each other. These experiments and many others like them have shown that there are exactly two kinds of electric charge: The kind on the plastic rod rubbed with fur (negative) and the kind on the glass rod rubbed with silk (positive). © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric charge and the structure of matter The particles of the atom are the negative electrons (dark blue spheres in this figure), the positive protons (red spheres), and the uncharged neutrons (gray spheres). Protons and neutrons make up the tiny dense nucleus, which is surrounded by electrons. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Atoms and ions A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons. The electron “shells” are a schematic representation of the actual electron distribution, a diffuse cloud many times larger than the nucleus. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Atoms and ions A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Atoms and ions A negative ion is an atom with an excess of electrons. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Conservation of charge The proton and electron have the same magnitude charge. The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a natural unit of charge. All observable charge is quantized in this unit. The universal principle of charge conservation states that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any closed system is constant. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Conductors and insulators Copper is a good conductor of electricity; nylon is a good insulator. The copper wire shown conducts charge between the metal ball and the charged plastic rod to charge the ball negatively. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Conductors and insulators After it is negatively charged, the metal ball is repelled by a negatively charged plastic rod. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Conductors and insulators After it is negatively charged, the metal ball is attracted by a positively charged glass rod. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Charging by induction in 4 steps: Steps 1 and 2 Start with an uncharged metal ball supported by an insulating stand. When you bring a negatively charged rod near it, without actually touching it, the free electrons in the metal ball are repelled by the excess electrons on the rod, and they shift toward the right, away from the rod. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Charging by induction in 4 steps: Steps 3 and 4 While the plastic rod is nearby, you touch one end of a conducting wire to the right surface of the ball and the other end to the ground. Now disconnect the wire, and then remove the rod. A net positive charge is left on the ball. The earth acquires a negative charge that is equal in magnitude to the induced positive charge remaining on the ball. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric forces on uncharged objects A charged body can exert forces even on objects that are not charged themselves. If you rub a balloon on the rug and then hold the balloon against the ceiling, it sticks, even though the ceiling has no net electric charge. After you electrify a comb by running it through your hair, you can pick up uncharged bits of paper or plastic with it. How is this possible? © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric forces on uncharged objects The negatively charged plastic comb causes a slight shifting of charge within the molecules of the neutral insulator, an effect called polarization. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric forces on uncharged objects Note that a neutral insulator is also attracted to a positively charged comb. A charged object of either sign exerts an attractive force on an uncharged insulator. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electrostatic painting Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the negatively charged paint droplets. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Measuring the electric force between point charges Coulomb studied the interaction forces of charged particles in detail in 1784. He used a torsion balance similar to the one used 13 years later by Cavendish to study the much weaker gravitational interaction. For point charges, Coulomb found that the magnitude of the electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Coulomb’s Law Coulomb’s Law: The magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field: Introduction Slide 1 of 3 To introduce the concept of electric field, first consider the mutual repulsion of two positively charged bodies A and B. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field: Introduction Slide 2 of 3 Next consider body A on its own. We can say that body A somehow modifies the properties of the space at point P. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field: Introduction Slide 3 of 3 We can measure the electric field produced by A with a test charge. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric force produced by an electric field © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

The electric field of a point charge © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

The electric field of a point charge Using a unit vector that points away from the origin, we can write a vector equation that gives both the magnitude and the direction of the electric field: © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field of a point charge A point charge q produces an electric field at all points in space. The field strength decreases with increasing distance. The field produced by a positive point charge points away from the charge. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field of a point charge A point charge q produces an electric field at all points in space. The field strength decreases with increasing distance. The field produced by a positive point charge points toward the charge. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Superposition of electric fields The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due to all the charges present. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field lines An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve whose tangent at any point is the direction of the electric field vector at that point. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field lines of a point charge Electric field lines show the direction of the electric field at each point. The spacing of field lines gives a general idea of the magnitude of the electric field at each point. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field lines of a dipole Field lines point away from + charges and toward – charges. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Electric field lines of two equal positive charges At any point, the electric field has a unique direction, so field lines never intersect. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

The water molecule is an electric dipole The water molecule as a whole is electrically neutral, but the chemical bonds within the molecule cause a displacement of charge. The result is a net negative charge on the oxygen end of the molecule and a net positive charge on the hydrogen end, forming an electric dipole. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

The water molecule is an electric dipole When dissolved in water, salt dissociates into a positive sodium ion and a negative chlorine ion, which tend to be attracted to the negative and positive ends of water molecules. This holds the ions in solution. If water molecules were not electric dipoles, water would be a poor solvent, and almost all of the chemistry that occurs in aqueous solutions would be impossible! © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.

Force and torque on a dipole When a dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, the net force is always zero, but there can be a net torque on the dipole. © 2016 Pearson Education Inc.