Monday November 11 th Knowledge transfer and industry involvement The impact of CERN on high tech industry developments Focus: The construction of the LHC ICABU2013: International Conference on Accelerators and Beam Utilization, Daejeon, Korea Jean-Marie Le Goff, PhD, DPhil Senior physicist CERN

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments From basic research to innovation and technology 2 Basic research has often been considered as a construction of mind requiring experiments for its validation Quantum physics has dramatically changed this view by considering the instrument themselves as essential constituents of the theory since these measurements actually interact with the phenomena being observed. Today: Designing, constructing and developing physics instruments and understanding the observations is central to the endeavours of most contemporary physics. Particle Physics infrastructures demand developments in applied sciences & high-tech engineering o Highly qualified experts o Groundbreaking technology and innovation are key to the success of large projects o Innovation occurs especially where basic research meets applied sciences and high-tech industry

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Largest accelerator ever built 27 km ring of superconductive magnets Operation temperature: 1.9 Kelvin Research machine New physics In operation since : The Large Hadron Collider 3 CERN/PS ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 2: Economic benefit to High Tech industry involved in CERN’s procurement contracts in relation to their sales (73-87)* Interviews of 160 European firms (out of the 519 firms providing high tech equipment to CERN) which supplied estimates of their: Increased turnover on sales Cost savings on production and procedures due to CERN’s procurement contracts, in view of estimating the economic impact of scientific equipment necessary for carrying out the research and supplied by industry: Included: New products, quality improvements, productivity increases arising from procurements contracts Excluded: Direct impact on the economy of CERN’s material and personnel budget (multiplier effect) Quantitative results Every €1 paid to industrial firms generates €3 of additional business. 75% of the increased sales were to sectors outside particle physics, such as:  solar energy,  the electrical industry,  railways,  computers and telecommunication 4 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff *Economic utility resulting from CERN contracts M. Bianchi-Streit, et. all CERN 84-14

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 2: LHC procurement Figures  4.3 Billion Swiss francs  1170 call for tenders/price enquiries  1040 contracts and orders  6400 suppliers Strategy* CERN’s acts as general contractor. CERN makes the conceptual design of the accelerators and it’s main components (plus part of the hardware for the detectors) and subcontracts to industry. CERN’s requirements are divided into two categories  Standard products –The responsibility lies with the supplier (power converters, transformers, cryoplants) –A performance specification using international quality standards is the basis for tendering  New products requiring a conceptual design phase. The manufacturing methodology has to be developed –These products are strategic and exclusively designed for CERN needs –To reduce price and risk, CERN buys most of the components. This gives better control over the production and allows to spread the procurement over all the Member States as more companies can be involved 5 (*) T. Lagrange Head of Finance and Purchasing Department/CERN ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 2: LHC procurement: TT &Technology learning (CERN )* Survey of 154 suppliers (178 valid answers) from the main countries that participated in CERN’s procurement activities during the period 1997 – Respondents represent 50% of the total procurement budget for the period under study 10% of CERN’s suppliers represent genuinely technology-intensive companies of some financial significance (Companies with orders <= 25 kCHF were discarded) Questionnaire in 6 languages The purpose of the survey was to assess how companies were benefiting from big science in addition to secondary economic effects. 6 (*) M. Bianchi-Streit, E. Autio, H. P. Hameri Technology transfer & technological learning through CERN’s procurement activity CERN # of companies Selection stepsProcurement budget (MCHF) 6806Companies with suppliers contracts with CERN Between 1997 and After selection of companies with technology intensive procurements and orders > 25 kCHF Technology intensive companies identified from internal interviews with experts questionnaires received503 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 3: TT & Technological learning through procurement activities (3) The benefits assessed by the present study suggest that, for this subpopulation of companies participating in highly demanding development and cutting-edge technological projects, conventional procurements and stringent requirements are not the most appropriate modes of interaction when one wishes to foster learning and innovation in the long term. Some measures to facilitate true R&D partnership with industrial partners are required. 7  38% developed new products as a direct result of the supplier project  13% started new R&D teams because of the CERN project  14% started a new business unit  17% opened a new market  42% increased their international exposure  44% indicated technological learning  36% indicated market learning Main findings ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 3: TT activities during the LHC construction Lessons learned from the construction of a very large research apparatus (LHC) 8 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff Period of analysis:

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 4: CERN technology portfolio During the period of analysis, 163 TT cases have been recorded: More than 90% are related to the LHC programme  Technology/expertise originating from the LHC programme –Ex: Mechanics: Diaphragm system used for the assembly of the LHC dipoles  Developments carried out to support the LHC programme –Ex: IT: Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) used for the handling of the LHC and experiments construction data Cases almost evenly distributed across technology domains  Accelerators  Detectors  Electronics  IT & software Average exploitation level of the technology portfolio: 50% TT cases distribution  00-04: On average 22 new TT cases/year on  05-09: Decreasing to 9/year -> end of LHC construction 9 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Technology readiness and exploitation level 51% of the CERN technologies are ready to transfer 1 The exploitation level decreases with the Technology Readiness Level 71% of the technologies with TRL 3 are exploited 30% of the technologies with TRL 2 are exploited 25% of the technologies with TRL 1 are exploited 10 TRLSimplified Definition 1 Technology application formulated and basic concept demonstrated 2 Functional validation in laboratory environment 3 Representative prototype fully qualified (technology ready to transfer) 1 Active TT cases at the end of 2010 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff Courtesy of E. Chesta/CERN

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments CERN Patent portfolio patents in the CERN portfolio at the end of 2009 An average of 3.7 new patent applications per year 51% of the patents are related to the LHC programme 22% are in co-ownership (academia, industry: filed as a result of partnerships) 40% of the portfolio is currently licenced Starting 2007: Stricter criteria on the commercial potential of the portfolio have been applied ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Contractual arrangements 239 contractual arrangements during the period of analysis 82% are still active today Distribution in two categories Commercial (53%)  Licences  Services & consultancy  Exploitation of results from R&D projects R&D for academia and/or industry (47%)  Collaborations (academia)  R&D Partnerships (industry)  R&D Licences Medicine, industrial processes and IT are the main application domains of CERN technologies (70% of all arrangements) 12 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Revenues from TT activities Revenues generated to finance applied R&D activities and from commercial activities are equivalent On average CERN receives: About 940 kCHF/year from industry to finance the development of pre-industrial prototypes in which CERN technologies play a key role  This funding covers: –Material costs –Access to CERN services –Personnel devoted to the project About 920kCHF/year from commercial activities  This revenue is from: –Commercial licences –Services and consultancy –Commercial exploitation of the results of R&D activities  This revenue is used to cover: –Departments and Groups costs (experts and material) –KTT costs (administration, patents)  After cost deduction, the net revenue is redistributed to: –The Departments and Groups involved in the TT activities –The KTT fund for promoting new activities 13 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 3: TT lessons learned from the construction of the LHC A large scale physics research programme boosts innovation 90% of the technology disclosures to the KTT group during the period of analysis corresponded to technologies & know-how related to the LHC programme The LHC programme has fostered a rich variety of technologies and know-how Showing effective transfer  50% of the technology portfolio is exploited The maturity of the technologies increases the chances of transfer  71% of the technologies with high readiness level (3) are exploited A large fraction of the CERN know-how and technologies is not patentable Patents are not the most suited protection for know-how and electronics Complex joint-ownership of developments reduces chances of filing patents Results of R&D partnerships with industry are an additional source of patents (co-ownership) Pooling PP technologies can enhance dissemination prospects Various institutions are working on the same technology topic Pooling results can make the PP offering more attractive to industry 14 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 3: TT Lessons learned (2) CERN technologies can be used in various domains but a large fraction lacks readiness Only 51% of the technologies are at the highest technology readiness level for transfer Promoting technologies and know-how is often insufficient to attract industrial interests Difficulty to identify pertinent applications where:  The technology should be adapted to the needs of industry  The use of the technology will definitely give industry a competitive advantage  No alternative technology is easily accessible to industry Lack of dedicated funds to finance early demonstrators aiming to attract industrial interests CERN technologies require further applied R&D to increase their market readiness About half of the contractual arrangements addresses R&D matters About 50% of the annual revenue is for financing R&D activities aiming to get closer to the market Typical time to market for PP technologies ranges between 8 to 15 years Typical R&D project duration ranges between 3 to 5 years Commercialisation of products occurs typically 8 to 10 years after patent filing 15 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 4: Main impacts of PP on industry and society The complex and sophisticated tools of particle physics are rich sources of new concepts, innovation and groundbreaking technologies, which benefit various applied research disciplines and eventually find their way into many applications that have a significant impact on the knowledge economy and society. 16 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments  More than 30,000 accelerators are active worldwide; Less than 200 are for research purposes.  The impact of the world economy is much larger than just the sales of these accelerators; Products and processes produced have a monetary value that is times larger than the initial capital cost.  All the final products that are processed, treated or inspected by the particle beams of industrial accelerators worldwide, have a collective annual value of more than $500 billion. Economic benefits Application Total systems Systems sold/year Sales/year (€M)System price (€M) Cancer therapy9, , – 5.0 Ion implantation9, , – 2.5 e - welding & cutting4, – 2.5 e- and X-ray irradiators2, – 8.0 Radioisotopes – 30 Non-destructive testing – 2.0 Ion analysis – 1.5 Neutron generators1, – 3.0 Total27,5001,4003,680 ESGARD: European Steering Group for Accelerator Research and Development data Market growth >= 10%/year ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 5: Three main paths to foster innovation - Developing technology to meet research requirements - Applying physics discoveries to research and industry - Applying PP research developments to other domains Research in curiosity-driven science is a key driver for technological innovation and economic success. 18 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments PP Research requirements drive innovation 19 Ultra vacuum technology (Neg coating: Ti, Zr, Va) for LHC Thermo-solar energy with evacuable solar collector - Cooling and ventilation - Electricity production ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Applying new discovery to boost innovation : discovery of superconductivity 1955: SC magnet manufacturing for research Status in : LHC ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Applying PP research developments to other domains The case for an ultra-compact cyclotron for PET isotopes production Current situation PET cyclotrons Radiopharmaceuticals Requirements Cyclotron Microfluidic Building a cross-disciplinary project team Acknowledgements: P. Arce/CIEMAT, D. M. Lewis/CERN: Development and design of low energy, small cyclotrons; The Accelerator-Driven Production of Medical Isotopes Workshop held at the Cockcroft Institute 8/9 December 2011 T. Jones: The need for low-powered cyclotrons for PET; The Accelerator-Driven Production of Medical Isotopes Workshop held at the Cockcroft Institute 8/9 December 2011 Luis Garcia Tavares/CIEMAT Academia industry matching event on cryogenics; CIEMAT Madrid; May 27-28, ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 22 Brought theidea of PET CMS calorimeter Fundamental science for society: Health PET today Photon detection used for calorimetry ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Software to combine modalities: Image fusion: PET + CT 23 ECAT ART Somatom AR.SP PET + CT SMART scanner from University of Pittsburgh & Siemens ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments PET usage in medicine Diagnostic tool Used in combination with a morphological imaging modality (ex.: CT, MRI, Ultrasounds) Most specific and sensitive functional imaging device Prospect only limited by the development of tracers with adequate specificity to characterize pathology Main use today: Cancer diagnostic (Tumours and Metastasis) Brain diseases Carotid atherosclerosis Treatment planning Image information to establish the treatment plan  Surgery  Chemotherapy  Radiotherapy / Proton (ion) therapy PET & SPECT for treatment follow-up After chemotherapy, PET can diagnose metastasis ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff 24

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Production of radiopharmaceuticals for PET today... Tracers: FDG (medically accredited), FLT (in-vivo assessment of DNA synthesis), 18 F-DOPA, etc. Markers: 18 F (Most popular, ~110 mn half-life), 11 C (~20 mn half-life) Synthesizers (electronic generators)  10 – 100 doses in a single run  ~ 100 k€ per unit 25 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Clinicians acknowledge the importance of 11 C for Brain 26 Courtesy of T. Jones: The need for low-powered cyclotrons for PET; The Accelerator-Driven Production of Medical Isotopes Workshop held at the Cockcroft Institute 8/9 December 2011

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments 27 Courtesy of T. Jones: The need for low-powered cyclotrons for PET; The Accelerator-Driven Production of Medical Isotopes Workshop held at the Cockcroft Institute 8/9 December 2011

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Technology requirements for future radiopharmaceuticals production Requirements Technology solution Cyclotron  Minimal weigh (<5 tons targeted for C-11 production) ― Ultra compact accelerator  C-11 & F-18  No specific building required  Lowest possible energy to reduce radiations  Minimal maintenance  Single dose production time: ~30 min  Current adjusted to single dose production  Minimal losses during acceleration  Minimal down-time (none during dose production)  Low power consumption (no special electrical installation) Radiopharmaceuticals’ synthesis  Single doses tuned ― For patients ― For in-vivo studies  Fully automated extraction process ― From target to synthesiser to dose extraction Superconducting magnet  Operation temperature: 4.5 K Ultra-compact RF system Advanced cooling techniques High vacuum Efficient internal ion source Advanced control system All acceleration system in removable vacuum chamber Small external Targets Optimal shielding Lab-on-a-chip (Microfluidic (dedicated chips)) R&D required to bring these technologies together! 28 ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Preliminary Technical Specifications of the Cyclotron Courtesy of L. Garcia Tavares: Academia-Industry Matching Event 25/26 May 2013, CIEMAT, Madrid

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Microfluidic technology is now ripe Lab-on-a-Chip approach (LOC) (Lee et.al., Science, 2005, 310, 1793 –1796.) In situ production of FDG on demand  Small quantities (no mass production)  Prototype yield: 100 – 200 µCi (“single mouse dose”)  Second prototype yield: 300 µCi in 14 minutes  97.6% purity  Upgradable to human doses (about 10 mCi) Design and Optimization of Coin-Shaped Microreactor Chips for PET Radiopharmaceutical Synthesis (A. M. Elizarof et al. Siemens Healthcare, J. Nucl Med February 2010 vol. 51 no ) Production of multiple human doses  An integrated elastomeric microfluidic device, with a footprint the size of a postage stamp, has been designed and optimized for multistep radiosynthesis of PET tracers  The reactor has the potential to produce multiple human doses of 18F- FDG; the most impact, however, is expected in the synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals that can be made only with low yields by currently available equipment ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff 30

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments THE AMIT CYCLOTRON PROJECT Superconducting Cyclotron Single patient doses Courtesy of P. Arce/CIEMAT, D. M. Lewis/CERN: Development and design of low energy, small cyclotrons; The Accelerator-Driven Production of Medical Isotopes Workshop held at the Cockcroft Institute 8/9 December 2011

The impact of CERN on High-tech developments Conclusions 32 Thank you for your attention From basic research to innovation and technology Research in curiosity-driven science is a key driver for technological innovation and economic success Large research instruments are instrumental to future high-tech developments Scientific collaborations are key to the completion of large projects with proper control of cost and schedule Huge impact of particle physics on industry and society  There is more to come with the future research programme! ICABU 2013, Daejeon, November 11 th, 2013 Jean-Marie Le Goff