Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA and L.P. Madin – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., USA CMarZ Symposium and Steering Group Meeting Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan November 6, 2006 CMarZ General Introduction

Census of Marine Life in Broad View CoML is a global network of researchers in more than 70 nations engaged in a ten-year initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life in the oceans -- past, present, and future. Through 2010, scientists worldwide will work to quantify what is known, unknown, and what may never be known about the world's oceans. CoML is guided by the questions: What lived in the oceans? What lives in the oceans? What will live in the oceans?

J. Frederick Grassle (Chair), Rutgers University, USA Victor Ariel Gallardo (Vice Chair), COPAS, Chile Vera Alexander, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA D. James Baker, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, USA D. Chandramohan, National Inst. Oceanography, India David Farmer, University of Rhode Island, USA Carlo Heip, Netherlands Inst. Ecology, Netherlands Poul Holm, S Denmark University, Denmark Ian Poiner, AIMS, Australia Yoshihisa Shirayama, Kyoto University, Japan Myriam Sibuet, Ifremer, France Michael Sinclair, BIO, Canada Sun Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Meryl J. Williams, CGIAR, Australia/Malaysia CoML International Scientific Steering Committee

Human Edges - Natural Geography in Shore Areas – NaGISA - Gulf of Maine Area Program – GOMA Hidden Boundaries - Abyssal Marine Life – CeDAMar Central Waters - Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking – POST - Tagging of Pacific Pelagics – TOPP - Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems – MAR-ECO Active Geology - Chemosynthetic Ecosystems – ChEss Regions & Habitats - Arctic Ocean Diversity – ArcOD - Life on Seamounts – CenSeam - Coral Reef Ecosystems – CREEFS - Continental Margin Ecosystems – CoMargE - Census of Antarctic Marine Life – CAML Global Surveys - Census of Marine Microbes – ICOMM - Census of Marine Zooplankton - CMarZ CoML Ocean Realm Field Projects

Principal Investigators Ann Bucklin – Univ. Connecticut, USA Shuhei Nishida – ORI, Univ. Tokyo, Japan Sigrid Schiel – Alfred Wegener Inst., Germany Project / Office Managers Robert Jennings, CMarZ – USA Ryuji Machida, CMarZ – Asia Astrid Cornils, CMarZ – Europe Data Management / Communications Peter Wiebe – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst, USA Bob Groman & Dicky Allison, CMarZ Database Nancy Copley, Communications Coordinator Steering Group Project leadership, coordination, and representation; 22 members from 15 countries. CMarZ Network Expert taxonomists, ecologists, students, and interested colleagues; 50 members. CMarZ Organization Rob Jennings Ryuji Machida Astrid Cornils Nancy Copley

WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS OF ZOOPLANKTON BIODIVERSITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD OCEAN, AND HOW ARE THEY GENERATED AND MAINTAINED? *CMarZ (2004) Science Plan for the Census of Marine Zooplankton. Unpublished report from a Census of Marine Life workshop held March 2004 in Portsmouth NH, supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. CMarZ Overarching Question*

Global patterns of pelagic biodiversity known from decades of work by oceanographers, ecologists, and taxonomists. HMS Challenger (1872 – 1876): earliest attempt to record global patterns of biological, chemical, and physical properties in the ocean. Longhurst (1998): biogeographical patterns suggest environmental factors play major role in structuring biodiversity patterns at large scales. The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable Longhurst, 1998 HMS Challenger cruise track

“What species are present? What are the main patterns of species distribution and abundance? What maintains the shape of these patterns? How and why did the patterns develop?” McGowan (1971) How many species are there? How many new species will be found? Will most new species be found in biodiversity hotspots and unexplored regions? Are there cryptic species within cosmopolitan and circumglobal species? The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable Cryptic mt16S rRNA lineages of Rhincalanus nasutus. Goetze, 2003

Completeness of knowledge will be an enduring challenge, because of the huge spatial dimensions of global ocean make an enduring challenge, despite technological advances. Synoptic top-to-bottom and pole-to- pole view of the world ocean may never be possible within time frames of environmental variability – as short as minutes. Accuracy of a global view of zooplankton species diversity is limited by fragmented effort by expert taxonomists scattered throughout the world. The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

 To complete a taxonomically comprehensive, global-scale census of marine zooplankton;  To produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, and biogeographical distribution;  To analyze the ~6,800 described species – and likely discover at least this many new species – of marine metazoan and protozoan zooplankton. CMarZ Goals for 2010

Baseline Information for Zooplankton of the World Ocean

Sampling the global ocean  Ecosystem biodiversity surveys in hotspots  Cruises of opportunity & transit legs Analysis of samples  Use of existing plankton samples  Recovery and use of existing data  Development of new sampling and analysis technology & tools  DNA barcoding and molecular protocols  Data management, analysis and visualization Education & outreach  Increase taxonomic expertise  Graduate training  Public appreciation  School teachers, students & curriculum CMarZ Approaches

Cooperating Projects During 2004 – 2006, more than 30 CMarZ cooperating projects were launched, contributing to the global survey of zooplankton diversity. Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of samples is coordinated across the CMarZ Network.

Archived oceanographic collections are providing resources for analysis of the biodiversity of the pelagic realm. CMarZ “data recovery” projects are ongoing in Argentina, Germany, India, and Japan. Samples from R/V Hakuho Maru, archived at ORI, Univ. Tokyo, Japan. Use of Existing Samples and Data ~118,000 samples archived at the Pelagic Invertebrates Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA).

CMarZ Taxonomic Workshops: Over 100 participants during 2004 – Graduate/professional training: International exchanges; one-on- one training. Secondary school teachers and students: workshops for teachers; NOAA Teacher-at-Sea program. Public education: CMarZ website and Species Pages build appreciation and knowledge of marine biodiversity. Media interest: CoML press events; CMarZ / NOAA cruise led by Peter Wiebe yielded > 100 articles in 25 countries and 10 languages. CMarZ Outreach & Education CMarZ Training Course, Univ. Philippines, Los Baños, Dec Rosamma Stephen at AWI, July 2006 NOAA Teacher-at- Sea Joe Catron, April 2006

Web Site at

Local and regional surveys must be comparable to yield a global survey. Protocols and procedures must be standardized for:  Net style and deployment  Sample collection  Sample splitting & preservation - Ethanol / genetics - Formalin / taxonomy - Freezing / molecular  Metadata & sample labeling  Shipping  DNA barcoding CMarZ Standard Protocols

 Barcoding is deriving short DNA sequence(s) that enable species identification or recognition.  For animals, focus to date is a 658 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI)  Zooplankton will test barcode protocols, since 15 animal phyla are represented.  DNA is particularly useful to study animal plankton, because - organisms are rare, fragile, and/or small; - species are widespread or circumglobal; - DNA-based detection protocols will speed sample analysis. Barcoding Zooplankton

 Sustained, dynamic OBIS with CMarZ data and information, data management software, dynamically-assembled Species Pages  Proven technologies: DNA barcodes  Public interest in marine life through photographs and press coverage,  Taxonomic and barcoding centers of excellence in developing countries  New generation of oceanographers; new taxonomic capacity  Practical applications: indicators of ecosystem health, tools for ocean observing, baseline biodiversity assessments, marine invasions Contributions to CoML Legacies

 Mar 2004 – Planning workshop in Portsmouth, NH  Aug 2004 – CMarZ Science Plan distributed  Oct 2004 – CMarZ funded by Sloan Foundation; CMarZ-USA Project Office established  Jan 2005 – Cooperating projects launched  Mar 2005 – website onlinewww.CMarZ.org  Apr 2005 – CMarZ-Asia and CMarZ-Europe Project Offices established  May 2005 – Steering Group members added from China, India, and New Zealand  Jun 2005 – 1 st CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Bremerhaven, Germany  Oct 2006 – CMarZ Sloan funding renewed for 3 years  Nov 2006 – 2 nd CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Tokyo, Japan Brief History of CMarZ

 Review project goals and assess our progress  Prepare for CoML 2007 Interim Report  Meet CoML/CMarZ milestones for: - OBIS data submission rates - sample and data analysis - species discovery and description - publication  Work toward CoML synthesis  Contribute to CoML legacies  Secure funding for science (~$15M over 5 years)  Maintain partnerships: - other CoML field projects - Consortium for Barcode of Life (CBOL) - SCOR Technology Panel CMarZ Challenges for

Demetrio Boltovskoy (Arg.) Janet Bradford-Grieve (NZ) Ann Bucklin (USA) Colomban de Vargas (France) Ruben Escribano (Chile) Steven Haddock (USA) Steve Hay (UK) Russell R. Hopcroft (USA) Ahmet Kideys (Turkey) Laurence P. Madin (USA) Webjørn Melle (Norway) Vijayalakshmi Nair (India) Shuhei Nishida (Japan) Mark D. Ohman (USA) Francesc Pagés (Spain) Annelies Pierrot-Bults (Netherlands) Chris Reid (UK) Sigrid Schiel (Germany) Sun Song (China) Erik Thuesen (USA) Hans Verheye (South Africa) Peter Wiebe (USA) CoML Zooplankton Workshop Portsmouth, NH USA, March 2004 Acknowledgements CMarZ Steering Group Members