Special Senses Sensory Information Eye Ear. Sensory Information The Sensory-Somatic System uses sensory neurons to provide the CNS with information about.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
E2 – Perception of stimuli
Advertisements

Chapter 15 - The Special Senses $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100$100$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Eye Anatomy Eye Physiology Taste and Smell Ear Anatomy Ear Physiology.
9.5 Sensory Information: Vision
Special Senses.
Sensory Reception Chapter 35. Sensory Systems The means by which organisms receive signals from the external world and internal environment Many animals.
 Explain other ways that humans sense their environment and their spatial orientation in it › olfactory receptors, proprioceptors, taste receptors, receptors.
Bell Activity Turn to Chapter 8: Special Senses Complete the worksheet
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The General & Special Senses
C. Shevlin1 Chapter 35 The Senses Objectives Introduction: Humans have 5 senses: touch, taste, smell, sight & hearing The senses are based on receptor.
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The Eye: Structure & Function
Special Senses.
Sensation Overview 1. Specialized sensory cell (receptor) detects a physical or chemical change. 2. The physical or chemical change causes action potentials.
Senses: Chapter 10.
Chapter 29- The Senses Accommodation Aqueous humor Astigmatism Auditory canal Basilar membrane Blind spot Chemoreceptors Choroid Cochlea Compound eye Cones.
Sensory Reception Chapter 14. Sensory Systems The means by which organisms receive signals from the external world and internal environment.
Sense Organs.
15-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition Lecturer: Dr. D. Fisher Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or.
Sensory Reception. SENSORY RECEPTORS The senses are the human brain’s connection to the outside world.
Chapter 18: The Senses.
Sensory Information Vision & Hearing Biology 12 S. Dosman.
Sight Hearing Taste Smell Touching
Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Biology 12 Unit 1:Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium.
1 Somatic and Special Senses Chapter 10 Bio Introduction Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and stimulate neurons to send nerve.
The General & Special Senses
The Senses.
The Special Senses A. Visual sensations 1. Accessory structures of the eye 1. Accessory structures of the eye 2. Anatomy of the eyeball 2. Anatomy of the.
Chapter 9 The General and Special Senses. Sensory System Sensory system allows us to experience the world – External information – Internal information.
Chapter 29 The Senses  All animal senses originate in sensory receptors, specialized cells or neurons that are tuned to the –conditions of the external.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Seventh Edition Michael D. Johnson Lecture Presentations by Robert J. Sullivan.
Sight Visual Accessory Organs eyelids lacrimal apparatus extrinsic eye muscles.
A.P. Biology Sense Organs.
Adv Biology 1-2. Sensory Receptors Sensory receptors detect stimuli. Mechanoreceptor-detects mechanical energy. Sound, pressure Photoreceptors-detects.
Semester 1 Review Anatomical directional terms Cells and tissues Skin and the integumentary system Nervous system.
The Retina Retina is a delicate tissue composed of two layers Sensory layer contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) that sense light Sensory layer consists.
Your Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System. Explain which consists of is divided into that make up which is divided into Section 35-3 The Nervous System.
The General & Special Senses
CHAPTER 14 THE SENSES RECEPTORS RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING.
CHAPTER 13 THE SENSES RECEPTORS RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING.
The Senses Chapter 35.4.
THE SENSES PGS Chapter 35 Section 4. Objectives _______________ the five types of sensory receptors ______________ the five sense organs Name.
Sensory Receptors. (a) Receptor is afferent neuron.(b) Receptor regulates afferent neuron. To CNS Afferent neuron To CNS Receptor protein Sensory receptor.
Stimulating Sensory Receptors
The Senses. Name the 5 Senses?  Touch  Sight  Taste  Smell  Hearing  Each sense has receptor cells, these maybe neuron endings or specialised cells.
Chapter 13 Senses.
Special Senses Eye and Ear.
Specialized Senses. Smell Olfaction Olfactory epithelium: receptors, supporting cells, stem cells Olfactory glands secrete mucous to cover epithelium.
The Sense Organs. Humans react to both internal and external stimuli – we can detect these stimuli because our bodies contain several types of sensory.
PowerLecture: Chapter 35 Sensory Perception. Sensory Receptors Convert energy of a stimulus into action potentials MechanoreceptorsThermoreceptors Pain.
Chapter 14 The Senses.
1. 2 Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012 Sylvia S. Mader Immagini e concetti della biologia.
THE SENSES EYES & EARS Biology 12 Sections 9.5 & 9.6.
Senses.
C35: Senses Mr. E Murphy.
A.3 Perception of Stimuli
Chapter 14 The Senses.
The Ear.
Anatomy & Physiology: Mrs. Halkuff
Senses A particular sensitivity to a distinct environmental change
Sensory  Systems  .
Special senses Chapter 10.
Structure and function of the eye
The Senses.
More Structures Tympanic membrane- where the middle ear begins Sound is amplified by concentrating the sound energy.
Sense Organs: Eyes & Ears
Chapter 14 The Senses.
Special Senses.
35–4 The Senses Objectives: Name the five types of sensory receptors.
Presentation transcript:

Special Senses Sensory Information Eye Ear

Sensory Information The Sensory-Somatic System uses sensory neurons to provide the CNS with information about the external environment Skin contains numerous different types of sensory receptorssensory receptors Proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, joints and ears respond to limb and body movement Proprioceptors Taste Receptors on the tongue allow us to taste Taste Receptors Olfactory Receptors in nasal cavity allow you to smell Olfactory Receptors Photoreceptors in the eye respond to light Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors in the ear respond to sound Mechanoreceptors

Sensory Information The combination of multiple sensory receptors allows the brain to determine what a specific stimuli is and how to respond Ie. Taste and smell receptors are closely related Sensory adaptation occurs when a receptor becomes accustomed to a stimulus

Eye The Human Eye Layers and Chambers The Retina Accommodation Defects

Layers and Chambers The human eye contains 3 distinct layers and 3 chambers: Layers 1.External Layer 2.Intermediate Layer 3.Internal Layer Chambers 1.Anterior Chamber 2.Posterior Chamber 3.Vitreous Chamber

Layers and Chambers External Layer Sclera and cornea Intermediate Layer Choroid, iris, and ciliary muscles Internal Layer Retina Anterior Chamber Aqueous Humour Posterior Chamber Lens Vitreous Chamber Vitreous Humour

The Retina The retina contains 4 major layers:major layers 1.Pigmented Epithelium – Prevents light scattering 2.Light Sensitive Cells – Sensory Cells that respond to light 3.Bipolar Cells – Carry nerve impulse to optic nerve cells 4.Optic Nerve Cells – Carry Nerve impulse to CNS

The Retina The Light sensitive cells include: Rods Photoreceptors that respond to low-intensity light Cones Photoreceptors that respond to high-intensity light and color Each cone is responsible for a specific colorspecific color Rods and cones are not evenly distributed throughout the eye Fovea Centralis is in the middle of the retina and contains many densely packed cones Fovea Centralis The blind spot is the area where all ganglion axons converge to form the optic nerve There is no rods and cones causing a blind spot

The Retina Nerve Impulse Generation in a rodGeneration Due to a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin 1.Light strikes rhodopsin 2.Rhodopsin splits into a pigment portion and opsin (a protein) 3.This splitting changes the membrane chemistry of a rod and generates a nerve impulse

Accommodation The adjustments made to the lens and pupil for objects near and farlensfar Is due to ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments Near object Ciliary Muscles Contract, Suspensory Ligaments slacken, Lens becomes more round Far Object Ciliary Muscles Relax, Suspensory Ligaments tighten, Lens becomes more flat Age causes the lens to be less elastic, resulting in a longer time to accommodate

Defects Glaucoma Build-up of aqueous humour as a result of blocked drainage ducts Increased pressure in the eye kills ganglion cells Cataract Lens becomes opaque and prevents light from passing throughopaque Tx – Remove flecks via sound vibrations Astigmatism Irregular shape of cornea or lens prevents light from properly focusing on the retina Tx – Proper Corrective LensesLenses

Defects Myopia (Nearsightedness) Myopia Eyeball is too long or cornea is too round and lens cannot flatten enough to focus image on retina Individual can easily see near objects but has difficulty focusing on far objects Tx – Concave Corrective LensConcave Hyperopia (Farsightedness) Hyperopia Eyeball is too short or cornea is too flat and lens cannot become round enough to focus image on retina Individual can easily see far objects but has difficulty seeing near objects Tx – Biconvex Corrective LensBiconvex Laser Eye Surgery Laser Eye Surgery

Ear The Human Ear Hearing Equilibrium Disorders and Treatments

The Human Ear The Ear is divided into 3 distinct sections: 1.The Outer EarThe Outer Ear Pinna and auditory canal 2.The Middle Ear Tympanic Membrane, ossicles, oval window and Eustachian tube 3.The Inner Ear Vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea The ear has 2 main functions: – Hearing – Equilibrium

Hearing It involves a number of steps: 1.The pinna gathers sound waves which are then passed down the auditory canal 2.The sound waves then cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate 3.The vibrations pass through the ossicles onto the smaller oval window (amplification) 4.The vibrations on the oval window triggers the movement of fluid within the cochleacochlea 5.Depending on the sound frequency, the fluid causes vibrations in different areas of the basilar membranefrequency 6.Vibrations in the basilar membrane causes tiny hair cells (stereocilia) in the Organ of Corti to brush against the tectorial membranestereocilia 7.The hair cell movement triggers a nerve impulse

Hearing Nerve impulses generated by the cochlea are processed in the temporal lobe of the brain

Equilibrium Balance had to do with 2 types of equilibrium: 1.Static Equilibrium – Providing information in regards to head position Horizontal or vertical plane 2.Dynamic Equilibrium – Providing information in regards to body movement 3 dimensions

Equilibrium Static Equilibrium The vestibule contains the saccule and utriclevestibuleutricle These provide information to the brain in regards to head position The saccule and utricle use hair-like cilia suspended in gel material and otoliths to generate nerve impulsesimpulses 1.When the head moves in position, the otoliths move by gravity 2.The gelatenous material moves along with the otoliths 3.The cilia then bend accordingly, initiating a nerve impulse

Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium The fluid filled semi-circular canals provide the brain with information in regards to movement and rotationsemi-circular canals 1.When an individual moves, fluid within the semi- circular canals moves 2.The fluid movement is detected by a cupula within the ampula of each canalcupulaampula 3.The movement of fluid bends the cupula which subsequently bends cilia 4.The bending of the cilia forward generates nerve impulses, whereas bending backward inhibits nerve impulses

Equilibrium Nerve impulses generated by the vestibule and semi-circular canals are processed in the cerebellum of the brain

Disorders and Treatments Ear Infections A bacterial/viral infection of the ear Results in fluid build-up in Eustachian tube, impacting hearing Tx – Time and anti-biotics/virals Tinnitus Ringing in the ears Caused usually by loud sounds Tx – Time, can be permanent Hearing Loss Multiple causes (genetic, trauma, etc.) Tx – Depends on type of deafness

Disorders and Treatments Conductive deafness Sound waves do not transfer to cochlea Treated by a cochlear implantcochlear implant Sensorineural Hearing Loss Damage to stereocilia results in difficulty hearing Treated by a hearing aidhearing aid