Stress and Illness/Disease Chapter 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

3-2 Chapter Overview Psychosomatic disease involves the mind and the body; it is a real disease, not “just in the mind” Psychosomatic disease involves the mind and the body; it is a real disease, not “just in the mind” Stress decreases our immunity to many diseases and illnesses Stress decreases our immunity to many diseases and illnesses Stress increases our blood pressure and serum cholesterol, thereby increasing our risk of having hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease Stress increases our blood pressure and serum cholesterol, thereby increasing our risk of having hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease

3-3 Hot Reactors Hot reactors __________to stress Hot reactors __________to stress There is evidence that nearly ________of the population are hot reactors There is evidence that nearly ________of the population are hot reactors This type of person tends to: This type of person tends to: –Become angry or anxious easily –Have high blood pressure –Is susceptible to heart attacks, sometimes referred to as hate attacks

3-4 Psychosomatic Disease Process involving both the _______(psyche) and the ________ (soma) Process involving both the _______(psyche) and the ________ (soma) Also referred to as psychophysiological disease Also referred to as psychophysiological disease A real disease; not just “all in the mind” A real disease; not just “all in the mind” Can be ______________(physical disease is caused by emotional stress) or ______________(mind increases body’s susceptibility to some diseases) Can be ______________(physical disease is caused by emotional stress) or ______________(mind increases body’s susceptibility to some diseases)

3-5 Stress and the Immunological System Stress can decrease your _____________count Stress can decrease your _____________count A decrease in white blood cells makes you prone to disease and can lead to poor health A decrease in white blood cells makes you prone to disease and can lead to poor health Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups, which identify and destroy foreign substances in the body: Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups, which identify and destroy foreign substances in the body: –Phagocytes –T cells –B cells

3-6 Interesting Research Friedman and Booth-Kewley (1987) cite evidence of a disease-prone personality Friedman and Booth-Kewley (1987) cite evidence of a disease-prone personality –Depression, anger/hostility, anxiety Hans Eysenck (1988) demonstrated personality traits leading to: Hans Eysenck (1988) demonstrated personality traits leading to: –Cancer (unassertiveness, overpatient, avoiding conflicts, not venting) –Heart disease (anger, hostility, aggressive)

3-7 Interesting Research (cont.) In 2010, a study of college students found that: In 2010, a study of college students found that: –15% were diagnosed with depression –23% experienced sleep difficulties –39% experienced more than average stress –9% experienced tremendous stress –22% were treated with allergies

3-8 Stress and Serum Cholesterol Cholesterol collects on the walls of blood vessels Cholesterol collects on the walls of blood vessels Can block the flow of ___________blood to the heart and brain Can block the flow of ___________blood to the heart and brain Studies show that one’s perception of a stressful situation can increase serum cholesterol levels Studies show that one’s perception of a stressful situation can increase serum cholesterol levels

3-9 More Interesting Research Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll (1958) showed that deadlines/timelines for tax accountants increased serum cholesterol dramatically as April 15 drew closer Friedman, Rosenman, and Carroll (1958) showed that deadlines/timelines for tax accountants increased serum cholesterol dramatically as April 15 drew closer Medical students had their highest cholesterol levels just before their exams Medical students had their highest cholesterol levels just before their exams Training military pilots showed high cholesterol levels during exam period Training military pilots showed high cholesterol levels during exam period

3-10 Hypertension Excessive pressure of blood against the walls of arteries Excessive pressure of blood against the walls of arteries Rupture of arteries to the heart results in a __________________(heart attack) Rupture of arteries to the heart results in a __________________(heart attack) Rupture of arteries to the brain causes a cerebral______________ Rupture of arteries to the brain causes a cerebral______________

3-11 Hypertension Stats Blood pressure = systolic/diastolic Blood pressure = systolic/diastolic Normal = _________mm Hg Normal = _________mm Hg High blood pressure = 140/90 mm Hg High blood pressure = 140/90 mm Hg 41% of those years of age are considered hypertensive 41% of those years of age are considered hypertensive 16% of those years of age are considered hypertensive 16% of those years of age are considered hypertensive Men > women Men > women Blacks > whites Blacks > whites

3-12 Contributing Factors Genetics Genetics Poor diet (obesity) Poor diet (obesity) Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoking Lack of exercise Lack of exercise High sodium intake High sodium intake Stress Stress

3-13 Stroke Also known as ___________: a lack of oxygen to the __________because of a ruptured blood vessel Also known as ___________: a lack of oxygen to the __________because of a ruptured blood vessel Paralysis, speech impairment, motor function impairment, and/or death may occur Paralysis, speech impairment, motor function impairment, and/or death may occur Stroke has been related to high blood pressure, diet, and stress Stroke has been related to high blood pressure, diet, and stress

3-14 Coronary Heart Disease ______________kill more Americans than any other single cause of death ______________kill more Americans than any other single cause of death Major risk factors associated with CHD include high serum cholesterol, hypertension, and cigarette smoking Major risk factors associated with CHD include high serum cholesterol, hypertension, and cigarette smoking Stress and Type A behavior (aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile) have also been linked to CHD Stress and Type A behavior (aggressive, competitive, time-urgent, hostile) have also been linked to CHD

3-15 Coronary Heart Disease (cont.) A high level of ongoing _________may increase heart disease through several mechanisms A high level of ongoing _________may increase heart disease through several mechanisms –Increased cardiovascular reactivity –Blood pressure morning surge –Increased platelet activation –Increased catecholamine levels –Prolonged neuroendocrine responses

3-16 Ulcers ___________or cuts in the walls of the stomach, duodenum, or intestines ___________or cuts in the walls of the stomach, duodenum, or intestines During stress, norepinephrine causes capillaries in the stomach to constrict, thereby reducing mucus production During stress, norepinephrine causes capillaries in the stomach to constrict, thereby reducing mucus production As a result, ___________acid eats away at the stomach lining As a result, ___________acid eats away at the stomach lining

3-17 Ulcers (cont.) Recent information shows Helicobacter pylori often is the cause Recent information shows Helicobacter pylori often is the cause Antibiotics rather than histamine blockers should be prescribed for ulcers Antibiotics rather than histamine blockers should be prescribed for ulcers Ingestion of aspirin or other anti- inflammatories also can cause ulcers Ingestion of aspirin or other anti- inflammatories also can cause ulcers

3-18 Migraine Headaches Constriction and dilation of the ____________arteries on one side of the head Constriction and dilation of the ____________arteries on one side of the head Constriction phase (prodrome phase) usually occurs about one to two hours before the headache Constriction phase (prodrome phase) usually occurs about one to two hours before the headache When dilation of the carotid arteries occurs, chemicals stimulate adjacent nerve endings, causing pain When dilation of the carotid arteries occurs, chemicals stimulate adjacent nerve endings, causing pain

3-19 Migraine Headaches (cont.) Migraines usually last about 6 hours Migraines usually last about 6 hours Approximately 30 million Americans have one or more migraines a year Approximately 30 million Americans have one or more migraines a year Costs businesses more than $24 billion per year Costs businesses more than $24 billion per year Cause focuses on emotional stress and tension Cause focuses on emotional stress and tension Biofeedback, meditation, autogenic training are very effective in reducing the painful effects associated with a migraine Biofeedback, meditation, autogenic training are very effective in reducing the painful effects associated with a migraine

3-20 Tension Headaches Caused by muscle tension in the forehead, jaw, or neck Caused by muscle tension in the forehead, jaw, or neck People usually take aspirin, put heat on the tense muscles, or get a massage People usually take aspirin, put heat on the tense muscles, or get a massage

3-21 Cancer Ingested or inhaled________________ Ingested or inhaled________________ Acquired viruses Acquired viruses What happens? –T-lymphocytes are reduced –Cancer cells multiply, leading to tumors and subsequent organ damage –Stress may expedite this process

3-22 Cancer Patients The following may help cancer patients during treatment: The following may help cancer patients during treatment: –Maintain a positive attitude –Use cognitive restructuring –Use visualization

3-23 Typical Cancer-Prone Person Non-forgiving Non-forgiving Commonly uses self-pity Commonly uses self-pity Hard to develop and maintain interpersonal relationships Hard to develop and maintain interpersonal relationships Poor self-image Poor self-image

3-24 Allergies, Asthma, and Hay Fever Antigens enter Antigens enter Antibodies attack by releasing chemicals Antibodies attack by releasing chemicals Histamine is one of these chemicals Histamine is one of these chemicals When too many histamines are released, tissues swell, mucus increases, and air passages are constricted When too many histamines are released, tissues swell, mucus increases, and air passages are constricted

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3-26 Is Asthma An Emotional Disease? Research Research –A woman allergic to horses began to wheeze when shown only a picture of a horse! –Another woman, allergic to fish, had an allergic reaction to a toy fish and an empty fishbowl! (McQuade & Aikman) T-cells reduced T-cells reduced Cortisol increased Cortisol increased

3-27 Rheumatoid Arthritis Inflammation of a________, possibly caused by a faulty functioning of the immune system Inflammation of a________, possibly caused by a faulty functioning of the immune system Stress can precipitate arthritic attacks Stress can precipitate arthritic attacks

3-28 Backaches Muscle weakness and bracing is usual cause Muscle weakness and bracing is usual cause Constant contractions found in certain personality types Constant contractions found in certain personality types

3-29 TMJ Syndrome TMJ patients may have: TMJ patients may have: –Facial pain –Clicking or popping sound –Earaches, ringing in ears –Migraine headaches –Dizziness –Sensitive teeth TMJ is usually brought on by___________ TMJ is usually brought on by___________

3-30 Bruxism Stress can increase bruxism Stress can increase bruxism Bruxism = grinding of the teeth Bruxism = grinding of the teeth What can be done? What can be done? –Dental mouthpiece –Relaxation techniques –Biofeedback

3-31 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD results from an extreme psychological and/or physical event perceived as extremely distressing (e.g., threat to one’s life) PTSD results from an extreme psychological and/or physical event perceived as extremely distressing (e.g., threat to one’s life) Many hurricane and 9/11 survivors experienced symptoms of PTSD (sleeplessness, fear and helplessness, flashbacks, dreams and nightmares) Many hurricane and 9/11 survivors experienced symptoms of PTSD (sleeplessness, fear and helplessness, flashbacks, dreams and nightmares)

3-32 Symptoms of PTSD Reliving the event Reliving the event –Flashback episodes where the event happens again and again Avoidance Avoidance –Emotional “numbing,” detachment, lack of interest, avoiding people or places Arousal Arousal –Difficulty concentrating, startling easily, hyper vigilance, feeling irritable, having trouble sleeping

3-33 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (cont.) Treatment approaches Treatment approaches –Talk therapy –Medications –Exposure therapy –Virtual reality exposure therapy

3-34 Stress and Other Conditions Increased risk of miscarriage: 70% of women who had a miscarriage has at least one stressful experience four to five months before the miscarriage Increased risk of miscarriage: 70% of women who had a miscarriage has at least one stressful experience four to five months before the miscarriage Sports injuries can be caused by stress Sports injuries can be caused by stress

3-35 Stress and Illness/Disease End Chapter 3 ©Andersen Ross/Blend Images LLC