“INDIA WATER WEEK 2016” April 4-8, 2016 Urban and Rural Challenges of Water Contamination: Role of Research and Academics Tanu Jindal (Professor and Director) Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, SAfety and Management, AMITY INSTITIUTE OF Water technology AND management, Amity center for Antarctica research and studies Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida

Environmental Science Courses at Amity Ph.D. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Aquatic Ecology 2. Advances in Water Quality & Management 3. Soil Pollution and Solid Waste Management M.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Water and Waste Water Treatment Processes 2. Solid Waste management B.Sc. Environmental Sciences Courses: 1. Environmental Pollution (It includes water pollution) 2. Waste Management

Rural Large population is still dependent on unsafe sources of water which are highly polluted, for direct consumption for eg. Rivers, lakes, ponds and tube wells Urban India is doing better than many other countries in the world for drinking water through treated pipe water supply Drinking Water Scenario in India

India has made “moderate” progress in reducing open defecation rates among its population and has succeeded in providing access to improved drinking water to more people in urban and rural areas The 31 per cent reduction in open defecation in India alone significantly influences regional and global estimates (Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2015 update and MDG Assessment, UNICEF and World Health Organization) Population OD India OD Low Developing Countries(LDC’s) Urban12%6% Rural65%30%

Impact of Drains in Delhi on groundwater Ministry of Earth Sciences The project work was planned specially keeping in view the problem of groundwater contamination in Indian context through unlined drains which are over loaded, with sewage waste from huge urban population and also waste from industries, lysimetric studies are important to know the possible sources and types of groundwater contamination through leaching

SAMPLING OKHLA DRAIN SHAHDARA DRAIN MAHARANI BAGH DRAIN DELHI GATE DRAIN KHYBER PASS DRAIN MORI GATE DRAIN KALKAJI DRAIN NAZAFGARH DRAIN BARAPULLA DRAIN

Samples TemperatureElectrical Conductivity (µS/cm)Total Dissolved Solid (mg/l) Ground water Drain Leachate Ground water Drain Leachate Ground water Drain Leachate Najafgarh 25.7± ±4.1 ns 597± ± b 258± ± a Okhla 25.6± ±2.5 ns 841± ± a 375± ± a Shahdara 25.0± ±2.4 ns 1609± ± a 764± ±55.02 a Khyberpass 25.7± ±3.6 ns 1089± ± b 488± ± a Mori gate 26.1± ±2.0 ns 1321± ± a 604± ± a Delhi gate 25.8± ±3.1 ns 1617± ± a 776± ± a Barapullah 25.0± ±2.8 ns 1447± ± c 664± ± a Maharanibagh 24.1± ±4.7 ns 1908± ± a 921± ± a Kalkaji 25.6± ±3.2 ns 1256± ± a 577± ± a Limit- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) mg L -1, Temperature and Electrical Conductivity- No Standard Temperature, Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids

WHO limit- Total Hardness (as CaCO 3 ),- 500 mg L -1 ; Turbidity (NTU)-10; Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- 2 mg L -1 Samples Total Hardness (as CaCO 3 ), mg/lTurbidity 27 deg C for 3 days GroundwaterDrain LeachateGroundwaterDrain Leachate Ground water Drain Leachate Najafgarh ± ±94.52 a 6.0± ±0.12 a 0.1± ±9.15 ns Okhla ± ± a 3.0± ±2.41 a 1.3± ±8.28 ns Shahdara ± ± a 2.5± ±6.85 c 1.8± ±8.22 ns Khyberpass ± ± a 4.5± ±2.36 a 1.56± ±9.56 b Mori gate ± ± a 3.4± ±4.15 ns 1.76± ±6.12 a Delhi gate ± ± a 4.6± ±0.42 a 2.0± ±14.26 a Barapullah ± ± a 3.0± ±2.52 ns 1.24± ±7.08 a Maharanibagh 185.2± ± a 6.4± ±3.65 a 1.89± ±8.16 b Kalkaji ± ± a 2.8± ±0.66 a 2.1± ±9.39 a Total Hardness, Turbidity and BOD

WHO limit- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)- 10 mg L -1 ; Nitrate (NO 3 )-45 mg L -1 ; Nitrites (NO 2 )- 0.1 mg L -1 Sample Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)Nitrate (as NO 3 )Nitrite (NO 2 ) Ground water Drain Leachate Ground water Drain Leachate Ground water Drain Leachate Najafgarh 7.12± ±18.13 ns 0.09± ±10.57 a 3.22± ±0.02 a Okhla 4.51± ±22.35 b 13.04± ±44.25 a 0.09± ±2.34 a Shahdara 3.81± ±13.48 a 20.46± ±15.42 b 0.41± ±0.79 b Khyberpass 4.28± ±14.28 a 19.35± ±7.26 a 02.74±0.56 a Mori gate 3.9± ±17.64 a 51.65± ±27.89 a ±4.55 a Delhi gate 4.7± ±4.01 a 0.12± ±19.89 a 00.59±0.13 a Barapullah 5.0± ±16.87 a ± ±34.18 a 1.68± ±0.68 a Maharanibagh 4.78± ±23.16 a 96.3± ±46.89 a 0.05± ±2.10 a Kalkaji 8.45± ±16.92 a 18.16± ± a 0.08± ±0.36 a Chemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Nitrite

Sample Total Coliform Count (MPN/100ml)Fecal Coliform Count (MPN/100ml) GroundwaterDrain leachateGroundwaterDrain leachate Najafgarh Okhla Shahdara Khyberpass Mori gate Delhi gate Barapullah Maharanibagh Kalkaji Total Coliform Count and Fecal Coliform Count WHO limit- Total Coliform Count (TC)- Zero, Fecal Coliform Count (FC)- Zero

Heavy metals detected

Recommendations Lining of the drain through concrete would cut the leaching of contaminants Installing Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) at the sewer before sewage release into drains would further prevent overloading of drains with contaminants Effluent Treatment Plants by industries must be enforced and checked strictly to avoid the release of toxic chemicals in drains

Zero Discharge of Effluent Domestic Use Process Use STP ETP ETP & STP treated water Tertiary Treatment Fresh Water Use for Horticulture

The government could also consider subsidizing sanitation projects at the level of individuals or community and also play a bigger role -providing community latrines like toilet blocks -distribution of soaps -inculcating hygienic habits starting from school children Projects like Sulabh need to be encouraged further and strengthened The private corporate sector can also be tapped to participate in this endeavor through resources under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Only then by 2019, we can fulfill our dream of every household having total sanitation

Principles of ecosanitation NUTRIENTS closing the loop between sanitation and agriculture FOOD Pathogen destruction

Ministry of Environment and Forests Surface and Groundwater contamination through indiscriminate use of pesticides in: -Rice -Cotton -Vegetables CropPesticide Usage AreaSitesRiver Vegetable9%DelhiYamuna Khaddar Yamuna Rice29%NoidaBadoli BangerHindon Cotton27%SirsaPunjuwanGhaggar

Farmers use higher doses out of their ignorance above the prescribed dosages assuming that the pesticide formulations are either adulterated or do not have the prescribed active ingredient of optimum quantity This leads to severe contamination of the soil and water besides the high pesticide residues in agricultural produce Heavy use of pesticide may contaminate the nearby streams by runoff water and also leach down to contaminate the groundwater

Percent samples contaminated through pesticides above MRL value * BDL (Below Detectable Limit, GW - Groundwater and SW – Surface water Percentage of Pesticide Contamination In Surface water and Groundwater PesticidesVegetableRiceCotton GWSWGWSWGWSW Organochlorine Pesticide (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ- HCH, δ-HCH, Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II, Endosulfansulfate, Dicofol, p, p’DDE and p,p’ DDT ) 31.2%45%31.9%61.1%65.2%91.6% Organophosphate Pesticide (Phorate, Dimethoate, Phosphamedion, Methyl Parathion, Malathion, Chlorpyriphos, Quinalaphos, Profenophos, Ethion) 19.4%25%13.8%52.7%91.6%All Synthetic Pyrethroids (β cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin, λ cyhalothrin, Alpha cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvelerate) BDL Herbicides (alachlor, fluchloralin, butachlor, pendimethalin) 43.7%25%6.25%12.5%81.2%75%

Recommendations Rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides Training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor the use Extension services to farmers for judicious use of pesticides and awareness about the harmful levels of pesticides in the water which in turn adversely affect the environment and public health If pesticides are ingested above MRL values, they are carcinogenic and also cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, respiratory paralysis, skin irritation and problem with the development of early childhood Restricting the use of pesticides having higher potential for leaching beyond national regulatory levels Proper quarantine needs to be imposed to check the sale of banned and adulterated pesticides

New pesticide molecules like synthetic pyrethroids that degrade easily should be made available at a cheaper rate to the farmers Promotion for the use of integrated pest management methods need to be popularized amongst the farmers for the judicial use of pesticides along with cultural and mechanical control methods of pests Promotion of organic farming in farmers to obsolete the use of pesticides Popular articles to be published for public awareness for regarding the pesticide residues found in water and messages for the proper disinfection, filtration system through adsorption and boiling of the water

Groundwater contamination through Chlorpyrifos leaching Department of Science and Technology Pest controllers in buildings for termite control 1 L/M 2 of 20% EC formulation Farmers and pest controllers use higher dosages of Chlorpyrifos out of their ignorance or due to adulterated pesticide available Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management

Non-Agricultural UsesAgricultural or Crop Uses Animal HousingBlack Currant BuildingsCapsicum (young plants only) Termite Nest or ColonyGrape Garden Pest ControlOnion (seedling stage) Commercial/Industrial LandPine and Eucalyptus Plantations Golf Green PuttingArbi (Colocasia esculanta) Kennel, Animal Living Area Pest Control Rice Pest Control Along FencesCotton Public Premises Under Construction Rice Cracks and/or CrevicesTomato In and around buildings or public areas Cauliflower Storage BinsSoybean Food Processing and/or preserving plant Oranges Pests Light Brown Apple Moth Western Flower Thrip European Earwig Strawberry Beetle African Black Beetle Taro beetles Wood-Mason Pink bollworm Paddy Stemborer Western Flower Thrip Diamond Black Moth Aphids

Locality map of the study area for neutral soil sampling Locality map of the study area for alkali soil sampling Neutral Soil Site Acidic Soil Site Locality map of the study area for acidic soil sampling Alkali Soil Site

Concentration of Chlorpyrifos in leachate for different formulations after treatment WP-Wettable Powder EC-Emulsifiable Concentration WG- Wettable Granules LC-Liquid Concentration ME-Microencapsulation

Recommendations Standardization of Chlorpyrifos dosages as per pH and texture of the soil Encouraging the use of safer formulations like micro encapsulation and slow release which have low adverse impact on the environment

Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s), heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in water, snow samples and other environmental contaminants at Antarctica with NCAOR

" Save earth to bring worth for the new birth" THANK YOU