Unit Two The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Study the following... Crash Course in World History #’s 5-12 Chapter packets 4-7 All notes and handouts

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions The Persistence of Older Forms of Worship: Shamanism taboos Animism ‘dreamtime’ Australian aborigines Shinto Ancestor Veneration filial piety Syncretism – blending of old and new religious beliefs Shinto and Buddhism in Japan Vedic concepts and Hinduism in India Pagan practices and Christianity

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Religions: Judaism Monotheistic faith of the Hebrew Jewish diaspora- regional and then worldwide scattering of the Jewish population Scripture codified (Tanakh, Torah, Talmud) Code of Hammurabi is thought to have influenced texts like the Ten Commandments Charity, social responsibility, concern for the poor Believed a savior would appear to free them from oppression

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Religions: From Vedism to Hinduism – completed by 300s BCE Upanishads – several hundreds essays and poems; Ramayana; Bhagavad-Gita Yoga 330 million gods! Brahma – World Soul Vishnu the Preserver – savior figure Shiva the Destroyer – creation and destruction Karma, reincarnation, caste system – concepts from Vedism Priests Warriors and rulers Farmers and artisans Servants and serfs Untouchables The Law of Manu – Acceptance of caste is dharma, moral duty. Sati ritual

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Regions: Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama – sought to answer the question of human suffering Moderation and peace – enlightenment – Buddha Mauryan emperor Ashoka Reincarnation, karma (from the Vedas) Rejected caste system Nirvana Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path Two major schools Theravada Mahyana

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Regions: Confucianism K’ung Futzu = Confucius- government official during the Zhou Analects – Mencius Not concerned with celestial bureaucracy- more concerned with wise and ethical conduct in this world. Hierarchy Mandate of Heaven Filial Piety (ancestor veneration) Patriarchal system Golden Rule – conflicted with Legalism Neo-Confucianism

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Regions: Daoism Laozi and Zhuangzi Tao-te Ching- central text Universe is governed by the dao Three jewels of Daoism Compassion Moderation Humility Ancestor Veneration and respect for the celestial bureaucracy Traditional medicine, martial arts, metallurgy, astronomy, poetry, architecture- feng shui Yin-yang I-Ching- “Book of Changes”- fortune-telling Spread syncretically

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Reformed Faiths and New Regions: Christianity Jesus of Nazareth- Christ Sermon on the Mount- Charity, compassion and forgiveness “Blessed are the poor in spirit... “ Golden Rule Peter (considered the first pope); apostles Paul- widened appeal beyond its original community “original sin” Constantine (313 CE)- Edict of Milan 380 CE became official religion; 392 CE its only legal faith The trinity Bible... Council...Augustine Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy Judeo-Christian tradition = bedrock of Western culture

The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Traditions Thought and Culture: Learning empirically; comprehension of the underlying principles of science Scientific method Decimal system, “Arabic numerals”, pi, zero – created by Gupta India scholars Philosophy Major strides in culture Ramayana, Mahabharata (90,000 stanzas), Bhagavad-Gita Analects, Tao-te Ching, I-Ching, The Art of War by Sun Tzu Greek dramas, Aeneid by Virgil Languages- Sanskrit, Mandarin Chinese, Greek, Latin Great Library of Alexandria, Hanging Gardens of Babylon (Nebuchadnezzar), Parthenon, Rome’s Pantheon, Colosseum, Hagia Sophia, pyramids (Mesoamerica), cave temples, Pillars of Ashoka Greco-Buddhist architecture and sculpture – Alexander the Great – cultural borrowing