Objective 1: Issues and Events TAKS Success Camp 8 th Grade American History Coach Vega

DATEEVENTSIGNIFICANCE 1607Jamestown, Virginia 1 st permanent English settlement 1776American Revolution America rebelled against British control 1787Constitution created a system of republican government 1803Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the United States Civil War Issue of slavery divided the nation

Reasons for Colonization Religious Freedom: God Religious Freedom: God Primarily New England Colonies Puritans of Massachusetts, Quakers of Pennsylvania Economic Gain: Gold Economic Gain: Gold Primarily Middle and Southern Colonies Tobacco in Virginia, Rice in South Carolina European Rivalries: Glory European Rivalries: Glory Extend Power England captured Dutch Colony; Renamed New York

Reasons for Declaring Independence in 1776 Economic Restrictions Economic Restrictions Mercantilism policies only allowed colonies to trade with Great Britain This angered the colonists No Political Representation No Political Representation Colonies could not elect members to Parliament The colonists viewed this as unfair “no taxation without representation” “no taxation without representation”

British Policies Colonial Reaction Quartering Act Sugar Act Stamp Act Tea Act Intolerable Acts Colonial resentment Protests, “No Taxation Without Representation” Protests, Formation of Sons of Liberty Protests, Formation of Sons of Liberty Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress

Important Events of the Revolutionary War Lexington and Concord: War begins Lexington and Concord: War begins Saratoga: Major American victory; turning point: French send aid to Americans Saratoga: Major American victory; turning point: French send aid to Americans Yorktown: Last battle, British surrendered Yorktown: Last battle, British surrendered Treaty of Paris of 1783: Ended the war Treaty of Paris of 1783: Ended the war

Reasons for American Victory in the Revolutionary War Distance from Great Britain Distance from Great Britain Took the British a long time to transport troops and supplies The Continental Army The Continental Army George Washington only fought when Americans had a clear advantage The Battle of Saratoga The Battle of Saratoga Convinced the French to help

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Established rules that a territory would follow in order to become a state Established rules that a territory would follow in order to become a state

Articles of Confederation No Chief Executive No Chief Executive One house Congress, each state had one vote One house Congress, each state had one vote No court system No court system No power to tax or raise an army No power to tax or raise an army Weak national government Weak national government In 1787, delegates met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. They replaced it with the U.S. Constitution.

Creation of the U.S. Constitution: Organization and Power of the National Government Created a strong national government Created a strong national government Divided into three branches with some powers left to the states Divided into three branches with some powers left to the states U.S Government ExecutiveLegislativeJudicial

Creation of the U.S. Constitution: Representation in Congress States with small populations wanted each state to have the same number of legislators: The New Jersey Plan States with small populations wanted each state to have the same number of legislators: The New Jersey Plan States with large populations wanted representation to be based on population: The Virginia Plan States with large populations wanted representation to be based on population: The Virginia Plan The GREAT COMPROMISE - Set up a two house congress: one with representation by population and the other with equal representation from each state The GREAT COMPROMISE - Set up a two house congress: one with representation by population and the other with equal representation from each state

Creation of the U.S. Constitution: Slavery When determining the population of a state for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives…. Northern states did NOT want slaves counted Northern states did NOT want slaves counted Southern states DID want slaves counted Southern states DID want slaves counted THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE – stated that 3/5 th s of a state’s slave population would count for the purposes of representation THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE – stated that 3/5 th s of a state’s slave population would count for the purposes of representation

Ratification of Constitution The Constitution was sent to the states to be ratified (approved) The Constitution was sent to the states to be ratified (approved) Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution They believed that a strong national government was necessary Anti-Federalists: Opponents of the Constitution They feared that the national government had too much power

Ratification in 1788 The Constitution was ratified in 1788 after an agreement was made to add a Bill of Rights The Constitution was ratified in 1788 after an agreement was made to add a Bill of Rights

Formation of Political Parties Federalists Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton Strong National Government Strong National Government Trade and industry Trade and industry Wanted a national bank Wanted a national bank Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Strong State Governments Strong State Governments Farming Farming Opposed a national bank Opposed a national bank

War of 1812 Causes British pirating of American ships British pirating of American ships Impressments of American sailors into the British Navy Impressments of American sailors into the British Navy The British support of Native Americans The British support of Native AmericansEffects America proved it could defend itself America proved it could defend itself manufacturing increased manufacturing increased Frontier was open to settlement Frontier was open to settlement Increased patriotism Increased patriotism

Causes of Westward Expansion Economic Growth Economic Growth Territorial Expansion Territorial Expansion Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny

Economic Growth New England textile factories increased the demand for cotton New England textile factories increased the demand for cotton This made cotton more profitable This made cotton more profitable More farmers moved west to grow cotton More farmers moved west to grow cotton Roads, canals, and railroads made travel and trade cheaper and faster Roads, canals, and railroads made travel and trade cheaper and faster

Territorial Expansion Americans moved westward as the U.S. expanded Americans moved westward as the U.S. expanded The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. Expeditions (Lewis and Clark) brought back reports of lands full of resources Expeditions (Lewis and Clark) brought back reports of lands full of resources This encouraged westward expansion This encouraged westward expansion

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the belief that is was the mission of the United States to expand across the entire North American continent Manifest Destiny was the belief that is was the mission of the United States to expand across the entire North American continent

Effects of Westward Expansion Indian Removal Indian Removal The Mexican War The Mexican War

Indian Removal In 1830 the U.S. passed the Indian Removal Act which required Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River In 1830 the U.S. passed the Indian Removal Act which required Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River The Cherokee were forced to relocate: known as the Trail of Tears because of the large number of deaths that occurred The Cherokee were forced to relocate: known as the Trail of Tears because of the large number of deaths that occurred

The Mexican War Mexico was angered when the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 Mexico was angered when the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 The Mexican War: The Mexican War: Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. acquired territory in the southwest known as the Mexican Cession U.S. acquired territory in the southwest known as the Mexican Cession

Jacksonian Democracy Idea that more people should have the right to vote and have a say in government, not just rich people Idea that more people should have the right to vote and have a say in government, not just rich people More Americans were able to vote in the 1828 election because of removing the requirement of owning property in order to vote. More Americans were able to vote in the 1828 election because of removing the requirement of owning property in order to vote.

Sectionalism Sectionalism is regional conflict between the North and South. Sectionalism is regional conflict between the North and South. Two main causes of sectionalism Two main causes of sectionalism 1. Disagreements over State’s Rights 2. Expansion of Slavery in Western Territories

State’s Rights and Federalism State’s Rights: idea that the power of the states should not be trampled on by the national government State’s Rights: idea that the power of the states should not be trampled on by the national government Federalism: a system of sharing power between the states and the national government Federalism: a system of sharing power between the states and the national government

Nullification Crisis Congress passed a tariff on imported goods Congress passed a tariff on imported goods John C. Calhoun and other Southerners felt the tariff was unfair John C. Calhoun and other Southerners felt the tariff was unfair South Carolina declared the tariff null and void and threatened to secede from the Union South Carolina declared the tariff null and void and threatened to secede from the Union A compromise was reached: Congress lowered the tariff A compromise was reached: Congress lowered the tariff

The Missouri Compromise Purpose: to maintain a balance between the number of slave states and free states Purpose: to maintain a balance between the number of slave states and free states Missouri - admitted as a slave state Missouri - admitted as a slave state Maine – admitted as a free state Maine – admitted as a free state

The Compromise of 1850 Purpose: resolve dispute over slave issue in the southwest Purpose: resolve dispute over slave issue in the southwest Proposed by Henry Clay Proposed by Henry Clay California – admitted as free state California – admitted as free state Fugitive Slave Law - required capture and return of runaway slaves Fugitive Slave Law - required capture and return of runaway slaves

Kansas-Nebraska Act In 1854, Congress allowed Kansas and Nebraska to vote on whether they would allow slavery In 1854, Congress allowed Kansas and Nebraska to vote on whether they would allow slavery Angered Northerners because they would have been free states according to Missouri Compromise Angered Northerners because they would have been free states according to Missouri Compromise

Dred Scott Case Supreme Court said that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory Supreme Court said that slaves were property and could not become free by moving to a free state or territory

Election of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was a Republican Abraham Lincoln was a Republican He did not support the spread of slavery into western lands He did not support the spread of slavery into western lands Southerners feared that Lincoln planned to abolish slavery Southerners feared that Lincoln planned to abolish slavery Southern states reacted by seceding from the Union and creating the Confederate States of America Southern states reacted by seceding from the Union and creating the Confederate States of America

The Civil War Begins In 1861, Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina In 1861, Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina Both the North and South had skilled political and military leaders Both the North and South had skilled political and military leaders

Civil War Dates and Events Southern States secede and Civil War begins 1861: Southern States secede and Civil War begins Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation, Union victory at Gettysburg 1863: Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation, Union victory at Gettysburg General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, Civil War Ends, Lincoln is assassinated 1865: General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, Civil War Ends, Lincoln is assassinated

Civil War Leaders UNION (The North) Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant – Commander of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant – Commander of the Union Army CONFEDERACY (The South) Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy Robert E. Lee – Commander of the Confederate Army Robert E. Lee – Commander of the Confederate Army

Major Civil War Battles Civil War beings Ft. Sumter: Civil War beings Union forces defeat Confederate forces Gettysburg: Union forces defeat Confederate forces Union forces secure control of Mississippi River Vicksburg: Union forces secure control of Mississippi River

Reasons for Northern Advantage more factory workers and troops Larger population: more factory workers and troops factories, supplies, railroad lines More economic resources: factories, supplies, railroad lines great public speaker, ultimate goal was to preserve the Union Superior Leadership of Abraham Lincoln: great public speaker, ultimate goal was to preserve the Union

Reconstruction Process of re-admitting the southern states into the union Process of re-admitting the southern states into the union