Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North & The South Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North & The South

The Menace of Secession  Lincoln declared that secession was impractical because the North and South were not geographically divided.  He also stated that with secession, new controversies would arise – national debt, federal territories, fugitive- slave issue

South Carolina Assails Ft. Sumter  Ft. Sumter South Carolina – Union fort  Lincoln adopts a “middle-of-the-road solution” – he told the South that the North was sending provisions to support the men at the fort  April 12, South Carolinians fire on Ft. Sumter  Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas all secede after the attack  Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood  Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia were the border states – the only slave states that did not secede  Border states contained the Ohio River which was vital to both the North and the South  The official statement that Lincoln made for war was to fight to “preserve the union”  The Five Civilized Tribes sided with the South  Most plains Indians sided with the Union

North vs. South in 1861 NorthSouth Advantages?? Disadvantages??

The Balance of Forces  The South  Had the advantage of fighting defensively  Abraham Lincoln offered Robert E. Lee command of the northern army but Lee turned the job down deciding to fight for his home state of Virginia  Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson was Lee’s chief Lieutenant  There were not a lot of factories in the South, but the South was able to seize federal weapons from the Union

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

 The North  Held ¾ of the nation’s wealth and ¾ of the nation’s railroad system  Had twice the population of the south  The economy was the North’s greatest strength  Controlled the sea – vastly superior navy  General Ulysses S. Grant was chosen to lead the Union military forces

Dethroning King Cotton  South depended on foreign intervention to win the war  The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to end slavery  British manufacturers depended on cotton from the south, but managed to support its industries without it  When the cotton surplus ran out & the North penetrated the South, they began sending cotton, wheat, and corn to Britain – Britain was forced to support the North

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy  The Trent Affair  A union warship stopped a British mail steamer and removed 2 Confederate Diplomats who were headed to Europe  Britain started to send troops to retaliate  Lincoln freed the diplomats

Foreign Flare-Ups  two Confederate warships were being constructed in Britain – to avoid angering the North, the British govt. bought the ships for the Royal Navy  Dominion of Canada – designed to strengthen Canadians against possible vengeance of the United States  Emperor Napoleon III of France dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City in he installed Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico City – a direct violation of the Monroe Doctrine-1865 Napoleon was forced to abandon Mexico

President Davis vs. President Lincoln  Davis  Lost a capable general – Jackson  Lacked a good banking system  Women managed plantations and helped in other ways  Had disputes with his own Congress  Some states refused to serve outside their borders  Won early victories  Had well-trained men & military leaders

 Lincoln  Enjoyed a long-established government that was financially stable and fully recognized at home and abroad  Women helped the ill and wounded – Red Cross founded  Began to wear down the South – won major battles  Had a poorly trained army & difficulty finding a capable leader – finally Grant

Jefferson Davis President of the Confederacy Abraham Lincoln President of the United States

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

Limitations on Wartime Liberties  Due to the fact that Congress was not in session when the war broke out, Lincoln  Proclaimed a blockade  Increased the size of the army  Directed the secretary of Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation for military purposes  Suspended the habeas corpus

Volunteers and Draftees  Due to lack of volunteers, Congress passed in 1863 a federal draft law  Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 in order to buy a replacement  The Confederacy also passed a draft law

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

Economic Stresses of War  The North  Increased tariffs and excise taxes  Created the first income tax  Morrill Tariff Act – a high protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%  Issued greenbacks  National Banking System  South was forced to issue bluebacks – subject to runaway inflation

Inflation in the South

North’s Economic Boom  Newly invented labor-saving machinery enabled the North to expand economically  Mechanical reapers allowed men to leave the farms for the war & provided grain that contributed to Northern profits  The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a rush of people known as “Fifty-niners”  The Civil War opened many jobs for women that were originally occupied by men

A Crashed Cotton Kingdom  The North’s blockade severely hampered the South’s economy  Transportation in the South collapsed during the war  Cotton capitalism had lost out to industrial capitalism

Women in the War  Joined to cook and take care of men  Passed as men to fight in the war or worked as spies  Served as nurses  Worked farms and businesses at home  Worked as clerks and government workers  Clara Barton  Served as a nurse during war  Created aid society to support soldiers  Created American Red Cross (1881)  Dorothea Dix  Superintendent of Nurses  Elizabeth Blackwell  First Female Doctor  Organized US Sanitary Commission  Inspected health conditions of hospitals in war  Created Soldiers Aid Society