Heat Energy Unit th Grade Science

Setting Up Your Journal Title Page Title Page “Heat Energy” should be written on the page and you should include illustrations (which will need to be colored in) “Heat Energy” should be written on the page and you should include illustrations (which will need to be colored in)

Table of Contents and Essential Questions Table of Contents Table of Contents Page 3 – Essential Questions Page 3 – Essential Questions Pages 4-5 – Vocabulary Pages 4-5 – Vocabulary Essential Questions Essential Questions How do interactions of matter affect us? How do interactions of matter affect us? How does heat move from one place to another? How does heat move from one place to another?

Vocabulary Energy – the ability to do work Energy – the ability to do work Heat Energy - is the energy moving particles have. Heat Energy - is the energy moving particles have. Thermal Energy - heat energy Thermal Energy - heat energy Mixture – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter Mixture – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter Density – the concentration of matter in an object Density – the concentration of matter in an object Volume – the amount of space an object takes up Volume – the amount of space an object takes up Weight – a measure of the pull of gravity on an object Weight – a measure of the pull of gravity on an object

Vocabulary Continued Temperature - measure of the average energy of moving molecules. Temperature - measure of the average energy of moving molecules. Thermometer - measure temperature. Thermometer - measure temperature. Conduction - transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object. Conduction - transfer of heat from a warmer object to a cooler object. Conductors - materials that conduct heat well. Conductors - materials that conduct heat well. Insulators - materials that do not conduct heat well. Insulators - materials that do not conduct heat well. Convection – movement of heat energy through liquids and gases in currents. Convection – movement of heat energy through liquids and gases in currents. Radiation – heat energy moves through space. Radiation – heat energy moves through space.

Vocabulary Continued Properties – an object’s specific characteristics Properties – an object’s specific characteristics Reactivity – the ability of a substance to react chemically Reactivity – the ability of a substance to react chemically Combustibility – the chemical property of being able to burn Combustibility – the chemical property of being able to burn

Matter Solids, liquids, and gases are made of molecules. Solids, liquids, and gases are made of molecules. These molecules are always moving. These molecules are always moving. How fast these molecules are moving depends on how much energy they have. How fast these molecules are moving depends on how much energy they have. When heat is added to matter, the molecules move faster -the temperature goes up. When heat is added to matter, the molecules move faster -the temperature goes up. When heat is taken away, the molecules move slower – the temperature goes down. When heat is taken away, the molecules move slower – the temperature goes down.

Matter continued A substance that has mass and takes up space A substance that has mass and takes up space 4 states of matter : solids, liquids, gasses, and plasma 4 states of matter : solids, liquids, gasses, and plasma

Phases of Matter Solids : Particles are tightly packed together and DO NOT move past each other. They vibrate in place. Solids : Particles are tightly packed together and DO NOT move past each other. They vibrate in place.

Phases of Matter Solids have a definite SHAPE Solids have a definite SHAPE Solids have a definite VOLUME Solids have a definite VOLUME Example—Marble Shape = Sphere Volume = can be found using water displacement

Phases of Matter Liquids : Particles are still tightly packed together and they SLIDE move past each other. Liquids : Particles are still tightly packed together and they SLIDE move past each other.

Phases of Matter Liquids DO NOT have a definite SHAPE ; they take the shape of their container. Liquids DO NOT have a definite SHAPE ; they take the shape of their container. Liquids have a definite VOLUME Liquids have a definite VOLUME Example—Orange Juice Shape = None, it takes the shape of the glass. Volume = can be found using a beaker or graduated cylinder.

Phases of Matter Gases : Particles are not tightly packed together, and have so much energy they slip past each other quickly. Gases : Particles are not tightly packed together, and have so much energy they slip past each other quickly.

Phases of Matter Gases DO NOT have a definite SHAPE Gases DO NOT have a definite SHAPE Gases DO NOT have a definite VOLUME Gases DO NOT have a definite VOLUME Example—Smoke Shape = Not definite. Volume = Not definite. Gases are usually always expanding.

Phases of Matter Plasma : Particles are moving so quickly it is hard to see what they are actually doing. Plasma : Particles are moving so quickly it is hard to see what they are actually doing.

Phases of Matter Examples of Plasma on Earth : Examples of Plasma on Earth :

Phases of Matter Energy is what changes a phase of matter. Energy is what changes a phase of matter. Argon BOILS at -186 ° C, so when you hold it at room temperature you can see ALL 3 phases at the same time. Argon BOILS at -186 ° C, so when you hold it at room temperature you can see ALL 3 phases at the same time.

Phases of Matter Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: SolidLiquid ADDED The added energy has caused the chocolate particles to speed up. Before they were vibrating in place, now they are moving fast enough to slip past one another.

Phases of Matter Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: LiquidGas ADDED The added energy has caused the water particles to speed up. Before they were moving fast enough to slip past one another, now they have enough energy to break away from one another and expand.

Phases of Matter Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: Is ENERGY being ADDED or TAKEN AWAY in this phase change: LiquidSolid Taken Away Taking away energy from a rain drop slows the water molecules down so that they no longer slide past one another.

Phases of Matter Matter can change phases permanently or temporarily. Matter can change phases permanently or temporarily. Temporary changes are called PHYSICAL changes. Temporary changes are called PHYSICAL changes. Permanent changes are called CHEMICAL changes. Permanent changes are called CHEMICAL changes.

Phases of Matter Physical Changes : only the phase changes, the substance does not. Physical Changes : only the phase changes, the substance does not. Physical changes usually change the size or shape of the substance. Physical changes usually change the size or shape of the substance. Examples of physical changes include: Examples of physical changes include:

Phases of Matter Chemical Changes : changes that create NEW materials. Chemical Changes : changes that create NEW materials. The original materials are changed into something different. The original materials are changed into something different. Examples of chemical changes include: Examples of chemical changes include:

Phases of Matter Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Chemical The bottle rocket is being turned into a new substance.

Phases of Matter Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Physical The ingredients for ice cream are mixed and cooled in a machine. The ice cream has the same chemical structure when it was a liquid as it does when it is a solid.

Phases of Matter Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Is this a chemical change, or a physical change ? Chemical The egg has been cooked, and that has changed it into a new substance.

Heat Heat energy is also called thermal energy. Heat energy is also called thermal energy. Heat = the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another. Heat = the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another. Heat flows from a warmer substance to a cooler substance (moves from a high temp. to a low temp.) Heat flows from a warmer substance to a cooler substance (moves from a high temp. to a low temp.) Heat can change the state of a substance – ex. Solid to a liquid or liquid to a gas (evaporation) Heat can change the state of a substance – ex. Solid to a liquid or liquid to a gas (evaporation) Study Jams – Heat Study Jams – Heat Study Jams – Heat Study Jams – Heat Brain Pop - Heat Brain Pop - Heat Brain Pop - Heat Brain Pop - Heat

Types of Heat Transfer Conduction – heat transfer through solids (contact or touch happens between the 2 objects) Conduction – heat transfer through solids (contact or touch happens between the 2 objects)Examples: Your feet transfer ( conduct ) heat to a cold tile floor Your feet transfer ( conduct ) heat to a cold tile floor A spoon placed in hot soup becomes warmer as the spoon conducts heat away from the hot soup A spoon placed in hot soup becomes warmer as the spoon conducts heat away from the hot soup

Conduction Examples

Convection – heat is circulated through fluids (like air or water) Convection – heat is circulated through fluids (like air or water) A fluid is defined as a liquid or gas because fluids have the ability to flow from one place to another A fluid is defined as a liquid or gas because fluids have the ability to flow from one place to another Consider this - when you look at the road in the summertime on a hot day, you may notice that the air above the road looks “ blurry ” – this is convection taking place as the hot air directly over the road absorbs the heat from the road and rises. Although the explanation can be quite complex, convection can help explain why mirages are seen in the desert. Consider this - when you look at the road in the summertime on a hot day, you may notice that the air above the road looks “ blurry ” – this is convection taking place as the hot air directly over the road absorbs the heat from the road and rises. Although the explanation can be quite complex, convection can help explain why mirages are seen in the desert.

Convection example

Question : If conduction deals with solids and convection deals with liquids, how does heat arrive to Earth from the Sun? Question : If conduction deals with solids and convection deals with liquids, how does heat arrive to Earth from the Sun? There is very little matter in between the Earth and Sun. There is very little matter in between the Earth and Sun. Heat can travel in waves without a medium (a liquid, solid, or gas). Heat can travel in waves without a medium (a liquid, solid, or gas). Radiation is the term that describes the transfer of heat between two objects that are not touching. Radiation is the term that describes the transfer of heat between two objects that are not touching.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

All of the forms of electromagnetic energy in the spectrum can travel through the universe as waves – we call this radiation. All of the forms of electromagnetic energy in the spectrum can travel through the universe as waves – we call this radiation. Gamma rays have a high concentration of waves while a radio has a low concentration. Gamma rays have a high concentration of waves while a radio has a low concentration. Other examples of radiation include putting your hand near an iron to see if it is hot and feeling the warm sun on your skin. Other examples of radiation include putting your hand near an iron to see if it is hot and feeling the warm sun on your skin.

Heating the Troposphere All of the previous methods play a role to heat the atmosphere. All of the previous methods play a role to heat the atmosphere. This movement causes convection currents. This movement causes convection currents. Convection currents move heat throughout the troposphere. Convection currents move heat throughout the troposphere. Cooler air moving into warmer air can cause severe storms. Cooler air moving into warmer air can cause severe storms.

All 3 types of heat transfer are represented here (Convection, Conduction, Radiation)

Heat Transfer When trying to differentiate between convection, conduction, and radiation, ask yourself: Where is the heat coming from ? and Where is the heat going ? When trying to differentiate between convection, conduction, and radiation, ask yourself: Where is the heat coming from ? and Where is the heat going ? Remember : heat moves from warmer areas to cooler areas and it rises! Remember : heat moves from warmer areas to cooler areas and it rises! Examples: Examples: When placing a metal spoon in hot soup, heat travels from the soup to the spoon. Because the heats travels to a solid, this would be a form of conduction. When placing a metal spoon in hot soup, heat travels from the soup to the spoon. Because the heats travels to a solid, this would be a form of conduction. When warm air rises, it heats the top floor of a house. Because the heat moves within a fluid (air), this would be a form of convection. When warm air rises, it heats the top floor of a house. Because the heat moves within a fluid (air), this would be a form of convection. When making toast, heat moves from the toaster to the bread (without touching). Because the heat moves in electrically created waves, this would be a form of radiation. When making toast, heat moves from the toaster to the bread (without touching). Because the heat moves in electrically created waves, this would be a form of radiation.

Try this! Write the following in your journal and next to each one, write on of the following: Write the following in your journal and next to each one, write on of the following: Convection Convection Conduction Conduction Radiation Radiation Drying clothes in a dryer _________________ Drying clothes in a dryer _________________ Lighting a candle _______________________ Lighting a candle _______________________ Using a water heater _____________________ Using a water heater _____________________ The sun warming sand ___________________ The sun warming sand ___________________

Vocabulary mass – the amount of matter in an object or substance mass – the amount of matter in an object or substance solution – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter that cannot be easily separated solution – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter that cannot be easily separated mixture – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter that can be easily separated mixture – a combination of 2 or more kinds of matter that can be easily separated texture – the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance (ex: rough, bumpy) texture – the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance (ex: rough, bumpy) physical property – any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions (ex: shape, color, size) physical property – any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions (ex: shape, color, size)

Conservation of Matter Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a physical change or a chemical change Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a physical change or a chemical change Scientists call this the law of conservation Scientists call this the law of conservation If you cut a piece of paper into tiny pieces, you have more pieces of paper, but you have not made more paper. If you cut a piece of paper into tiny pieces, you have more pieces of paper, but you have not made more paper.