Global Migration ( CE) I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustralized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living. A. Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population. B. Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century.

Industrialized Societies They are able to support more people which led to the sharp increase in population as well as shift in migration to cities. By 1900, over 10% of the world's population lived in cities. Union Depot & Ferry House, San Francisco, 1887.

II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons. A. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work. - Ex: Manual laborers in America building the Trans- continental Railroad, in gold mines, etc. B. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi-coerced labor migration. - Ex: Convict labor in Australia C. While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies. - Ex: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific

“Condemned to Transportion” Read the article and answer the following questions: – Why was Matthew transported? – Why was Elizabeth transported? – What was their experience in Australia like? – Based on what you’ve read from the article, Why are many Australians proud to trace their ancestry to convict immigrants?

III. The large scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and existing populations. Immigration to the Americas The oversea migration of many Europeans introduced machines that eventually led to the depletion of many natural resources much faster than Native Americans had before them. This led to a decrease in native population across vast areas of land that were previously unexploited. Examples?

Native American Reservations

A. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.

B. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world which helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks. – Migrant ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world: Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America Indians in East and southern Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia - Mauritius, Australia and British Guiana

Indian Enclaves

C. Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.

Chinese Indentured Servants and the Pacific Passage However, some people unknowingly signed themselves up for what would be called the "coolie trade". The "coolie trade" is the exchange of Chinese indentured servants across the globe. These Chinese indentured servants, or "coolies", signed multi-year long contracts in exchange for the basic necessities of life. They were sent across the globe on ships with similar conditions seen as those transporting African slaves on the Atlantic slave trade routes. Hence another name for the "coolie trade" was the Pacific Passage, similar to the Atlantic passage. Once a person signed this contract, they were forced to labor long hours, sometimes for no pay in addition to survival needs. This shows another side of the global migration at this time: coerced and semi-coerced labor (2).

Chinese Exclusion Act