Using Graphs and Charts Organizing results from Scientific data.

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Presentation transcript:

Using Graphs and Charts Organizing results from Scientific data.

What is a graph?  A graph is a picture of information in a data table. It shows the relationship between all of the number in a data table.  A graph generally takes the form of a one- or two-dimensional figure such as a line graph or scatter plot.  There are three-dimensional graphs available, they are usually considered too complex to understand easily.

Why do scientist graph?  Sometimes, complicated information is difficult to understand and needs an illustration.  Graphs and charts are great because they communicate information visually.  Graphs are quick and direct  Graphs highlight the most important facts  Graphs can convince readers  Graphs can be easily remembered

What types of graphs are there?  We’ll practice these Line graphs Bar/Column graphs Pie charts  We won’t practice these Pictographs Tally charts Histograms Scatter Plots

Examples of the kind we won’t use.

Examples of kinds that we will use. Bar Graph Line Graph Pie Graph

Line Graph  Sequential!!! Order matters.  Compares the relationship or trend between two variables.  Great for trends over time. All data charts mentioned up till now would best be line graphs.  Time usually = Line graph

Line Graph

Bar Graph  Compare different sets of data with each other, order doesn’t matter.  Compares trend of data over time AND relationship between each set of ordered pairs.  Ex. “amount of rainfall in four different cities” would be bar graph.

Bar Graph

Pie Graph  Each section represents a portion of the whole. NOTE: All portions must add to a sum of 100%.  Focus is to show relationship between parts and the whole. Ex. Percentage of elements in earths crust, types of fuel used in US, types of water found on Earth.  Percentage(%) usually = Pie

Pie Graph

Mini Quiz: (5 min) What type of graph would best display each set of data? 1. The temperature of all the science classrooms in the building. 2. The number of each type of animal compared to the total number of animals in an ecosystem. 3. The number of waves that reach the beach every minute for 1 hour. 4. The number of raisins in three different brands of cereal. 5. The amount of air pressure as you go up a mountain. Give a brief justification for each of your answers

How to make a Line Graph  The independent variable is ALWAYS on the x-axis. “Time” is almost always the independent variable in experiments so it’s along the bottom.  The dependent variable ALWAYS goes on the y-axis.

How to make a Line Graph  The place where the two axes intersect is called the origin. The origin is also identified as the point (0,0).  The variable name is placed along its axis and units are in parenthesis beside it.

How to make a Line Graph  The lines are labeled in even intervals (spacing).  These are determined by the range of data. (difference between the largest and smallest numbers in the data)  Each ordered pair shows the location of a data point.  Plotting is putting those dots on the graph.

Examples of good and bad graphs.

Multi-Line graph  A line graph usually has only one line because it shows data for only one trial.  To compare different data from similar trials you can use multiple lines.  Same two variables, just different ordered pairs.

Multi-line graph data chart Time (sec) Distance Boat A (m) Distance Boat B (m) Distance Boat C (m)  What are the two variables? Time and Distance  To determine ordered pairs, you must match the independent variable (time) with the dependent variable (distance of that boat).

Practice 1. Graph this data table. Time (months) Rainfall (mL)

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2007 directions  Open Word  “Insert”, “Chart” Click OK on the default line graph  A data chart and graph will pop up.  Enter data into the data chart, with variable name on left of rows. Independent variable on row 1 Dependent variable on row 2

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2007 directions  To make the computer read your data table correctly we need to make 2 changes: Resize your data chart range by dragging the blue box to only include rows 1 and 2. Click the “Switch Row/Column” button Close the Excel window.

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2007 directions  With the graph highlighted, click on chart tools tab at the very top.  Choose a design that has axis labeled and includes a title.

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2007 directions  Work through the Design, Layout, and Format tabs to complete the information for your graph. Title, labels for axis variables including units Adjust range if needed  Final step is to clean up any unnecessary info to make it a clear message.

Homework 1. Graph this data table. Time (months) Rainfall (mL)

2a. Compare graphs and information from these three websites. junior-high-school/ for fun, check out graphs on the other Moore JH’s 2b. Which graphs are the most clear at communicating data? Re-create that graph, making sure to include all the elements I require. Homework cont.

3. Find some information on the web to create a graph that you have not used yet (Line, Pie, Bar). Use at least three sets of data. You can even make up the data if you want but show it in appropriate graph form. Homework cont.

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2003 directions  Open Word  “Insert” “Object” Choose “Microsoft Graph Chart”  A default data chart and graph pop up.  Enter data into the data chart, with variable name on left of rows.  Close data chart

Make a line graph on the computer Word 2003 directions  Right click on graph. Choose “Chart Type”  Click on the version of a line graph that is appropriate for your info.  Right click on graph. Choose “Chart Options”  Work through the tabs to complete the information for your graph. Title, axis variables,

How to manually construct a Line graph 1. Title your graph 2. Label the x-axis with the ind. variable and its units. 3. Label the y-axis with the dep. variable and its units. 4. Count the number of lines on the x axis. 5. Determine the range of data for the independent variable. (Find difference between largest and smallest values.)

How to manually construct a Line graph 5. Calculate the interval for the x axis using this formula:range / # of lines. 6. Label the x axis using the intervals you calculated. (Doesn’t have to be every line) 7. Repeat steps 4-6 for y-axis. 8. Plot your data points using ordered pairs. 9. Connect your lines.