Project X: Technology, Perspectives, and Applications Steve Holmes on behalf of the Project X Team IEEE-Nuclear Science Symposium Anaheim, CA November 2, 2012

What is Project X? An opportunity to create the foremost Intensity Frontier facility in the world…  multi-MW proton beams at energies ranging from 1 – 120 GeV Unique ability to provide high beam power, high duty factor, independent beam formats to multiple experiments simultaneously Capitalizing on the rapid development of superconducting rf technology Undertaken by an international collaboration NSS, Nov S. Holmes2

The Intensity Frontier NSS, Nov S. Holmes3

The Intensity Frontier Loops Example: The lowest order loop diagram for the electromagnetic interaction of a charged particle(s) –X charged and X neutral can be any known/unknown particles, of any mass This diagram could represent a contribution to any of the following: –g-2, electric dipole moment, charged lepton flavor violation NSS, Nov S. Holmes4

The Intensity Frontier Effective Energy Reach NSS, Nov S. Holmes5  Beam Power is the performance metric of the Intensity Frontier 8 kW 1 MW Courtesy: Y. Grossman, Project X Physics Study (PXPS)

The Landscape M Seidel, PSI Project-X NSS, Nov S. Holmes6

The Landscape x Duty Factor * * * PSI TRIUMF power Stopped/Slow kaon yield/Watt * Beam power x Duty Factor Project-X CW-Linac NSS, Nov S. Holmes7

Science Opportunities Neutrino experiments A high-power proton source with proton energies between 1 and 120 GeV would produce intense neutrino sources and beams illuminating near detectors on the Fermilab site and massive detectors at distant underground laboratories. Kaon, muon, nuclei & neutron precision experiments These could include world leading experiments searching for muon-to-electron conversion, nuclear and neutron electron dipole moments (edms), precision measurement of neutron properties and world-leading precision measurements of ultra-rare kaon decays. Platform for evolution to a Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Neutrino Factory and Muon-Collider concepts depend critically on developing high intensity proton source technologies. Material Science and Nuclear Energy Applications Accelerator, spallation, target and transmutation technology demonstrations which could investigate and develop accelerator technologies important to the design of future nuclear waste transmutation systems and future thorium fuel-cycle power systems. Possible applications of muon Spin Resonance techniques (muSR). as a sensitive probes of the magnetic structure of materials. NSS, Nov S. Holmes8 4

Science Opportunities: CP Violation Neutrinos: 200% increase in LBNE statistics. Electric dipole moments: up to x10 6 increase in reach –Proton, –Muon –Neutron –Atomic NSS, Nov S. Holmes 9 LBNE

Science Opportunities: Rare Kaon Decays Beyond Standard Model Probes  K +    : >1000 events, Precision rate and form factor.  K L     1000 events, enabled by high flux & precision TOF.  K +      : Measurement of T- violating muon polarization.  K +    x : Search for anomalous heavy neutrinos.  K 0    e  e   10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0         10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  …and more NSS, Nov S. HolmesPage 10

Science Opportunities: Nuclear Physics NSS, Nov S. Holmes11

Project Goals Mission Elements A neutrino beam for long baseline neutrino oscillation experiments –2 MW proton source at GeV MW-class low energy proton beams for kaon, muon, neutrino, and nuclei based precision experiments –Operations simultaneous with the neutrino program A path toward a muon source for possible future Neutrino Factory and/or a Muon Collider –Requires ~4 MW at ~5-15 GeV Possible missions beyond particle physics –Energy applications NSS, Nov S. Holmes 12

as;lkjfda;lskdjf;salkjfd Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory / SNS SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Cornell University Michigan State University ILC/Americas Regional Team Bhaba Atomic Research Center Raja Ramanna Center of Advanced Technology Variable Energy Cyclotron Center Inter University Accelerator Center 1 1 GeV 3 3 GeV GeV GeV 13

Reference Design Scope 3 GeV CW superconducting H- linac with 1 mA average beam current. –Flexible provision for variable beam structures to multiple users –Supports rare processes programs at 3 GeV –Provision for 1 GeV extraction for materials and nuclear energy programs 3-8 GeV pulsed linac capable of delivering 300 kW at 8 GeV –Supports the neutrino program –Establishes a path toward a muon based facility Upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector to provide ≥ 2 MW to the neutrino production target at GeV.  Utilization of a CW linac creates a facility that is unique in the world, with performance that cannot be matched in a synchrotron-based facility. NSS, Nov S. Holmes14

Reference Design Performance Goals NSS, Nov S. Holmes Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy3.0GeV Average Beam Current1mA Linac pulse rateCW Beam Power to 1 GeV program1000kW Beam Power to 3 GeV program2870kW Pulsed Linac Particle TypeH - Beam Kinetic Energy8.0GeV Pulse rate10Hz Pulse Width4.3msec Cycles to Recycler/MI6 Particles per cycle to Recycler/MI2.7  Beam Power340kW Beam Power to 8 GeV program170kW Main Injector/Recycler Beam Kinetic Energy (maximum)120GeV Cycle time1.2sec Particles per cycle1.5  Beam Power at 120 GeV2400kW 15 simultaneous

Operating Scenarios CW Linac NSS, Nov S. Holmes 16 1  sec period at 3 GeV Muon pulses (17e7) 80 MHz, 100 nsec700 kW Kaon pulses (17e7) 20 MHz1540 kW Nuclear pulses (17e7) 10 MHz770 kW Separation scheme Ion source and RFQ operate at 4.4 mA 77% of bunches are 2.1 MeV  maintain 1 mA over 1  sec Transverse rf splitter 1  sec

Staging Opportunities Staging principles –Significant physics opportunities at each stage –Cost of each stage substantially <$1B –Utilize existing infrastructure to the extent possible at each stage –Achieve full Reference Design capabilities at end of final stage Four stage plan developed and presented to DOE/OHEP Physics opportunities documented in a number of whitepapers and workshops –Physics Opportunities with Stage 1 of Project X –2012 Project X Physics Study indico.fnal.gov/event/pxps12 –PX Forum on Spallation Sources for Particle Physics indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=5372 –PX Muon Spin Rotation Forum indico.fnal.gov/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=6025 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 17

Staged Physics Program * Operating point in range depends on MI energy for neutrinos. ** Operating point in range is depends on MI injector slow-spill duty factor (df) for kaon program. 18 Program: NO A + Proton Improvement Plan Stage-1: 1 GeV CW Linac driving Booster & Muon, n/edm programs Stage-2: Upgrade to 3 GeV CW Linac Stage-3: Project X RDR Stage-4: Beyond RDR: 8 GeV power upgrade to 4MW MI neutrinos kW** kW** 1200 kW2450 kW kW 8 GeV Neutrinos15 kW kW**0-42 kW* kW**0-84 kW*0-172 kW*3000 kW 8 GeV Muon program e.g, (g-2), Mu2e-1 20 kW0-20 kW* kW* 1000 kW 1-3 GeV Muon program, e.g. Mu2e kW1000 kW Kaon Program 0-30 kW** (<30% df from MI) 0-75 kW** (<45% df from MI) 1100 kW1870 kW Nuclear edm ISOL program none0-900 kW kW Ultra-cold neutron program none kW kW Nuclear technology applications none0-900 kW kW # Programs: Total max power: 735 kW 2222 kW 4284 kW 6492 kW 11870kW Project X Campaign NSS, Nov S. Holmes

Staged Siting Plan Most straight forward implementation is via the Reference Design siting Alternative sitings based on “parking lot” linac to west of existing linac enclosure –~$50M savings Other alternatives under development. Issues: –Cost minimization in initial stage –Implementation of Stages 2-4 –Connections to Muon Campus NSS, Nov S. Holmes19

R&D Program Goal is to mitigate risk: technical, cost, and schedule Primary R&D program elements: –Primary technical risk element is the front end CW ion source/RFQ Wideband chopping with high (1×10 -4 ) extinction rate (Low-  ) acceleration through superconducting resonators with minimal halo formation MEBT beam absorber (>8 kW) –Development of an H- injection system –Superconducting rf development Cavities, cryomodules, rf sources – CW to long-pulse –High Power targetry –Upgrade paths: Multi-MW low energy neutrinos and Muon Collider –All of these elements are required at Stage 1 Goal is to complete R&D phase by the end of 2017 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 20

Project X Injector Experiment PXIE PXIE is the centerpiece of the PX R&D program –Integrated systems test for Project X front end components Validate the concept for the Project X front end, thereby minimizing the primary technical risk element within the Reference Design. Operate at full Project X design parameters Systems test goals –1 mA average current with 80% chopping of beam delivered from RFQ –Efficient acceleration with minimal emittance dilution through ~30 MeV –Achieve in 2016 PXIE should utilize components constructed to PX specifications wherever possbile –Opportunity to re-utilize selected pieces of PXIE in PX/Stage 1 Collaboration between Fermilab, ANL, LBNL, SLAC, India NSS, Nov S. Holmes 21

PXIE Program PXIE will address the address/measure the following: –Ion source lifetime –LEBT pre-chopping –Vacuum management in the LEBT/RFQ region –Validation of chopper performance –Kicker extinction –Effectiveness of MEBT beam absorber –MEBT vacuum management –Operation of HWR in close proximity to 10 kW absorber –Operation of SSR with beam –Emittance preservation and beam halo formation through the front end RFQ MEBT HWR SSR1 Dump LEBT LBNL, FNAL FNAL, SLAC ANL FNAL 32 m, 30 MeV NSS, Nov S. Holmes22

SRF R&D Technology Map NSS, Nov S. Holmes SectionFreqEnergy (MeV)Cav/mag/CMType HWR (  G =0.1) /8/1HWR, solenoid SSR1 (  G =0.22) /10/ 2SSR, solenoid SSR2 (  G =0.47) /20/4SSR, solenoid LB 650 (  G =0.61) /14/75-cell elliptical, doublet HB 650 (  G =0.9) /19/195-cell elliptical, doublet ILC 1.3 (  G =1.0) /28 /289-cell elliptical, quad 23  =0.11  =0.22  =0.4  =0.61  = MHz MeV  = GHz 3-8 GeV 650 MHz GeV CW Pulsed MHz MeV Stage 1

162.5 and 325 MHz Cavities HWR (  G = 0.11 ) Half Wave Resonator –Cavity design complete; parts on order –Cryomodule design underway –Similar to cavities & CM already manufactured by ANL SSR1 (  G = 0.22 ) Single Spoke Resonator –Initiated under HINS program → more advanced –8 prototype cavities to date 4 tested as bare cavities at 2K –All meet PX spec One dressed and tested at 4.8K SSR2(  G = 0.47 ) Single Spoke Resonator –EM design complete –Mechanical design in progress 24 NSS, Nov S. Holmes

SSR1 Performance NSS, Nov S. Holmes25 Bare cavity at 2 K

650 MHz Cavities For purposes of cryogenic system design, the dynamic heat load limited to 250 W at 2K per cryomodule <35W per cavity (  G = 0.61) and <25W per cavity (  G = 0.9) Q0 = 1.7E10 Multiple single cells received from JLab and industry  =0.9, AES  =0.6/JLab Five-cell design complete for  G = 0.9 cavities –Four 5-cell  G = 0.9 cavities on order from AES; two expected in FY12 26 NSS, Nov S. Holmes

650 MHz Single Cell Performance (JLab,  =0.6 ) NSS, Nov S. Holmes27

1300 MHz Development for ILC and PX Goals: ILC SRF goals S0 >35 MV/m bare cavities S MV/m dressed cavities in a ILC Cryomodule S2 Beam test of full ILC RF unit (CM, klystron, modulator) Build and test ~ 1 CM/yr  All of this will benefit the 3-8 GeV pulsed linac for Project X Accomplishments: –18 dressed cavities CM2 populated with 35 MV/m cavities >8 good cavities tested in VTS for CM3 –Parts for 4 more 1.3 GHz cryomodules ( ARRA funds) –Cost reduction (e.g. tumbling vs. EP, & cavity repair) 28 NSS, Nov S. Holmes

NML: RF Unit Test Facility 29 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 1st Cryomodule tests complete

Centrifugal Barrel Polishing Multi-step process for elliptical cavities using multiple sets of media Potential for up to 4 cavity-cycles per week NSS, Nov S. Holmes30 C. Cooper Recipe Media

Centrifugal Barrel Polishing 9-Cell Results NSS, Nov S. Holmes31 Demonstrated cavity gradients > 35 MV/M Drastic reductions in acid use. Demonstrated as a cavity repair method. Previously limited here ACC015 Before CBP After CBP and 40  m EP

Nitrate Surface Layer Early result, but a potential game changer for SRF CW applications! 32 NSS, Nov S. Holmes

Final Assembly HTS VTS String Assembly MP9 Clean Room VTS Vacuum Oven Cavity tuning machine FNAL SRF infrastructure VTS2 Dewar NSS, Nov S. Holmes33

FNAL SRF Infrastructure Strategy: Provide SRF infrastructure at FNAL that is hard for industry to build Planned infrastructure either complete & operational or well into construction NSS, Nov S. Holmes 34

Project X Status and Strategy Project X strategy is strongly tied to the overall DOE Intensity Frontier Strategy –LBNE: Staging plan, with Stage 1 CD-1 review this week –Project X and LBNE stages interleaved Significant DOE investment in Project X related technologies Emphasis on defining the physics research opportunities at all stages –Recent physics workshops (slide 17) –Snowmass 2013 in planning stages (DPF) A significant contribution from India is a strong possibility –DOE-DAE Joint Collaboration Meeting in June 2012 outlined possibilities (sponsored by US State Department) R&D complete in 2017 NSS, Nov S. Holmes35

Summary Project-X represents a staged evolution of the best assets of the Fermilab accelerator complex, enabled by the revolution in super- conducting RF technology. Each Stage of Project-X will raise many boats of the Intensity Frontier in particle physics, with a program scope of more than 20 world-leading particle physics experiments. A multi-MW high energy proton accelerator is a national resource, with potential application that goes beyond particle physics –We are engaging the potential user communities, beyond HEP, who would benefit from access to high power proton beams The near term focused R&D for Project X is PXIE; this effort in parallel with continuing critical SRF development could support a staged construction start for Project X as early as NSS, Nov S. Holmes

Backup NSS, Nov S. Holmes37

Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov S. Holmes38

Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov S. Holmes39

Chopper R&D Kicker –Two versions are being pursued: 50 and 200 Ohm –Each version must fit into a 65-cm drift: 2 pairs 25-cm long, 16 mm gap Kicker driver –Broad-band, 500 V, ~2 ns rise/fall time, 30 MHz average pulse rate –AC-coupled rf amplifier (50-Ohm) or DC-coupled pulser (200-Ohm) Beam absorber –20 kW max. dissipated beam power –Issues: high power density, sputtering, high gas load PASI Jan 13, S. NagaitsevPage 40

Kicker R&D PASI Jan 13, S. NagaitsevPage 41 Ground plate 50 Ohm structure 200 Ohm helical structure

CMTF NSS, Nov S. Holmes42

Energy Gain NSS, Nov S. Holmes 43 Stage 1 SRF Acceleration Parameters Stage 1 Beam Power

Collaboration Activities Two MOUs covering the RD&D Phase National IIFC ANLORNL/SNSBARC/Mumbai BNLPNNLIUAC/Delhi CornellTJNAFRRCAT/Indore FermilabSLACVECC/Kolkata LBNLILC/ART MSU Informal collaboration/contacts with CERN/SPL, ESS China/ADS, UK, Korea/RISP Potential for significant in-kind contribution from India NSS, Nov S. Holmes44

NSS, Nov S. Holmes 45 A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X Neutrino Physics:  Mass Hierarchy  CP violation  Precision measurement of the  23 (atmospheric mixing). Maximal??  Anomalous interactions, e.g.    probed with target emulsions (Madrid Neutrino NSI Workshop, Dec 2009)  Search for sterile neutrinos, CP & CPT violating effects in next generation e, e  X experiments….x3 beam 120 GeV, x10-x20 8 GeV.  Next generation precision cross section measurements. LBNE campaign is a candidate Day-1 program

NSS, Nov S. Holmes 46 Kaon Physics :  K +    : >1000 events, Precision rate and form factor.  K L     1000 events, enabled by high flux & precision TOF.  K +      : Measurement of T-violating muon polarization.  K +    x : Search for anomalous heavy neutrinos.  K 0    e  e   10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0         10% measurement of CP violating amplitude.  K 0  X : Precision study of a pure K 0 interferometer: Reaching out to the Plank scale (  m K /m K ~ 1/m P )  K 0,K +  LFV : Next generation Lepton Flavor Violation experiments …and more ORKA is a candidate Day-1 experiment A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X

NSS, Nov S. Holmes 47 Muon Physics:  Next generation muon-to-electron conversion experiment, new techniques for higher sensitivity and/or other nuclei.  Next generation (g-2)  if motivated by next round, theory, LHC. New techniques proposed to JPARC that are beam-power hungry…   edm    3e    e     e +    A   + A’ ;   A  e + A’ ;   e - (A)  e - e - (A)  Systematic study of radiative muon capture on nuclei. Mu2e upgrade is a candidate Day-1 experiment A Partial Menu of World Class Science Enabled by Project-X

Staging Options Stage 1 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 48 Scope –1 GeV CW linac injecting into upgraded Booster –Connection to Muon Campus –Possible new EDM/Neutron campus (1 GeV) Performance –Main Injector: up to 1.2 MW at 120 GeV, 0.9 MW at 60 GeV –Muon Campus: >80 kW to 1GeV –EDM/Neutron Campus: up to GeV –8 GeV Program: up to 42 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Booster, Main Injector and Recycler (with PIP) –NuMI (upgraded) or LBNE target system –Muon Campus –400 MeV Linac retired – eliminates major reliability risk

Staging Options Stage 2 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 49 Scope –Upgrade 1 GeV linac to 2 mA, still injecting into Booster –1-3 GeV CW linac –20 Hz Booster upgrade –3 GeV Campus Performance –Main Injector: up to 1.2 MW at GeV –3 GeV Campus: 3 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 1 GeV –8 GeV program: up to 84 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Booster, Main Injector and Recycler (with PIP) –NuMI (upgraded) or LBNE target system

Staging Options Stage 3 NSS, Nov S. Holmes 50 Scope –3-8 GeV pulsed linac –Main Injector Recycler upgrades –Short baseline neutrino facility/experiment Performance –Main Injector: 2.4 MW at GeV –3 GeV Campus: 2.9 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 1 GeV –8 GeV program: up to 170 kW Utilization of the existing complex –Main Injector and Recycler –LBNE beamline/target –8 GeV Booster retired – eliminates major reliability risk

Staging Options Stage 4 NSS, Nov S. Holmes51 Scope – beyond the Reference Design –Current upgrade of CW and pulsed linac: 5 mA x 10% DF –Main Injector/Recycler upgrades –LBNE target upgrade –Step toward a NF or MC Performance –Main Injector: 4 MW at GeV –3 GeV Campus: 2.7 MW –EDM/Neutron Campus: 1 1 GeV –8 GeV program: 3-4 MW (Requires an accumulator ring for low duty factor) Utilization of the existing complex –Main Injector and Recycler –LBNE beamline/target

Performance by Stage projectx-docdb.fnal.gov/cgi-bin/ShowDocument?docid=1061 NSS, Nov S. Holmes52

PXIE Status Whitepaper available describing rationale, goals, plan –Shared with DOE Technical Review March Preferred location identified (CMTF) Cost estimate /funding plan allowing completion of the full scope of PXIE in 2016 –Requires maintenance of Project X and SRF budgets at FY12 levels DOE has requested that we organize and execute PXIE as a “project”, not a “Project” –Organization Chart –Program Design Handbook –Resource Loaded Schedule –DOE oversight Periodic reporting Periodic review NSS, Nov S. Holmes53

Optimum proton beam energy COMET - Mu2E 54 S. Striganov et al, MARS15 Project-X Physics Study Yield / Watt

Mu2e pulse timing Courtesy COMET 55

56 Courtesy D. Hitlin, PXPS

Choice of Cavity Parameters NSS, Nov S. Holmes57 Example: SNS, 805 MHz, β=0.81  E acc = 15.6 MV/m; Q o ~1.7∙10 2 K 70 mT CW Linac assumptions: MHzB pk < 60mT 325 MHz B pk < 70mT 650 MHz B pk < 70mT 1300 MHz B pk < 80mT

SRF Plan Cavities & Cryomodules NSS, Nov S. Holmes58

SRF Plan Infrastructure NSS, Nov S. Holmes59