2. Name two of the four biogeochemical cycles. 1. How does the way matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows? Energy flows just one way through an ecosystem: from producers to consumers. Matter moves through the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle. 2. Name two of the four biogeochemical cycles. Hydrologic cycle (water cycle), carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle

Energy Flow All of the earth’s energy comes from the sun!!! Except for chemosynthetic bacteria. And of all the sun’s energy only about 1% is used by living things. Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers).

What is the highest organism in all food chains? series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. What is the highest organism in all food chains?

Food Webs network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

Trophic Levels step in a food chain or food web

Ecological Pyramids diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

Energy Pyramid Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.

Biomass Pyramid Biomass - total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.

Pyramid of Numbers What if we looked at a tree in a forest? The pyramid would look upside-down

Energy & Biogeochemical Cycles Objectives Homework Biogeochemical cycles Water Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus No homework tonight Predator/Prey Lab due Friday. Everyone passes in their own “individual” lab Do Now!!! Compare and contrast primary succession and secondary succession.

Primary Succession Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists, usually after a volcanic eruption. 1. Bare rock community is populated by an pioneer species (first species to populate an area). Usually lichens (fungus and alga). 2. Pioneer species help to form soil and puts nutrients into soil. 3. Plants begin to grow  then off to the races

Primary Succession

Secondary Succession Occurs in an community where everything has been removed but the soil. What could start primary succession?

Biomagnification of Pesticides

Biogeochemical Cycles Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through Biogeochemical Cycles.

The Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Evaporation – the process by which water changes from its liquid state to its gaseous state. Transpiration – evaporation from the leaves of plants.

Nutrient Cycles Every living organism needs nutrients (materials, building blocks) to grow and carry out life’s processes. Like water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen coming out of the atmosphere 1. Nitrogen Fixation - Only certain bacteria living by the roots of legumes can use nitrogen gas directly. Nitrogen fixing bacteria These bacteria convert N2 gas into ammonia This process is known as Nitrogen Fixation 2. Nitrifying - Other bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. 3. Plants then absorb the nitrates and nitrites and then they are passed down the food chain. Denitrification - Bacteria convert Nitrates and Nitrites back into nitrogen gas.

Energy & Biogeochemical Cycles Objectives Homework Biogeochemical cycles Water Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Handout Due on Monday Predator/Prey Lab due Friday. Everyone passes in their own “individual” lab Do Now!!! Describe the processes involved in the carbon cycle. …nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to form parts of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Phosphorus is not as common in the biosphere as nitrogen and carbon. The reason for this is because phosphorus does not enter the biosphere. Phosphorus (in the form of phosphate) remains mostly in rocks, soil, and ocean sediments.

Phosphorus Cycle 1. Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or water. 2. Phosphate is dissolved and runs through rivers into oceans where it is absorbed by marine organisms 3. When organisms die the phosphate returns to the soil.

Limiting Nutrient Primary Productivity - rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem. Limiting Nutrient - single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem.

Algal Bloom an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient. "Eutrophication is defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter in an ecosystem.”

Carbon Cycle Carbon cycles between various components of the biosphere. There are four different processes involved in the carbon cycle. 1. Biological Processes 2. Geochemical Processes 3. Mixed Biogeochemical Processes 4. Human Activity

Carbon Cycle Biological Processes Photosynthesis Respiration Decomposition

Carbon Cycle Geochemical Processes Volcanoes Ocean Vents

Carbon Cycle Biogeochemical Processes Fossil fuels Coal Oil Natural gas

Carbon Cycle Human Activity Mining Burning of Fossil Fuels Cutting and Burning of Forests

How does the hydrologic cycle work? What processes are involved in the carbon cycle? How do they affect the carbon cycle?

Homework Go over reading pgs. 87-97.

Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids (building blocks of Proteins) Nitrogen exist in different forms: Nitrogen Gas (N2) – Makes up 78% of Earth’s Atmosphere Ammonia (NH3); Nitrate (NO3-) and Nitrite (NO2-) ions which are all found in decaying organisms and organic waste (poop) Nitrogen also exists in many forms in the ocean Fertilization also adds nitrogen into the atmosphere is the form of Nitrite

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen going back into the atmosphere Now that organisms (plants, animals) have nitrogen, how does it get back into the atmosphere When organisms die decomposers break down the remains putting ammonia back into the soil. Some of this ammonia is converted into nitrates. Other bacteria convert nitrates back into nitrogen gas