© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.1a

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure H2OH2O H 2 O and minerals

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure H2OH2O H 2 O and minerals CO 2 O2O2 O2O2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure H2OH2O H 2 O and minerals CO 2 O2O2 O2O2 Light Sugar

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.3 Buds 1 mm Shoot apical meristem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.3a

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.3b 1 mm Shoot apical meristem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.4 Ground area covered by plant Plant A Leaf area = 40% of ground area (leaf area index = 0.4) Plant B Leaf area = 80% of ground area (leaf area index = 0.8)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.5 Cell wall Cytosol Apoplastic route Symplastic route Transmembrane route Plasmodesma Plasma membrane Key Apoplast Symplast

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.6 CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proton pump Hydrogen ion H + /sucrose cotransporter H + /NO 3 − cotransporter Sucrose (neutral solute) Potassium ion Ion channel (b) H + and cotransport of neutral solutes (a) H + and membrane potential (c) H + and cotransport of ions (d) Ion channels H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP H+H − − − − − − − − − + + − − − − − −+ − − − − −+ − H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ S S S S S S K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ NO 3 − Nitrate −

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.6a CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Proton pump Hydrogen ion (a) H + and membrane potential H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP − − − − − +

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.6b H + /sucrose cotransporter Sucrose (neutral solute) − − − − − + − + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ S S S S S S (b) H + and cotransport of neutral solutes

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.6c H + /NO 3 − cotransporter (c) H + and cotransport of ions H+H − − − − − + − + H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ NO 3 − Nitrate

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.6d Potassium ion Ion channel (d) Ion channels − − − − + − K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+ K+K+

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.7 Initial flaccid cell: Final plasmolyzed cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings: Final turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings: (a) Initial conditions: cellular ψ > environmental ψ (b) Initial conditions: cellular ψ < environmental ψ ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = −0.7 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.9 ψ = −0.9 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = −0.7 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = 0 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.9 ψ = −0.9 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = 0 ψ = 0 MPa Environment 0.4 M sucrose solution: Environment Pure water:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.7a Initial flaccid cell: Final plasmolyzed cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings: (a) Initial conditions: cellular ψ > environmental ψ ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = −0.7 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.9 ψ = −0.9 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.9 ψ = −0.9 MPa Environment 0.4 M sucrose solution:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.7b Initial flaccid cell: Final turgid cell at osmotic equilibrium with its surroundings: (b) Initial conditions: cellular ψ < environmental ψ ψ P = 0 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = −0.7 MPa ψ P = 0.7 ψ S = −0.7 ψ = 0 MPa ψ P = 0 ψ S = 0 ψ = 0 MPa Environment Pure water:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.8 Casparian strip Pathway along apoplast Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Water moves upward in vascular cylinder Plasmodesmata Plasma membrane Casparian strip Vessels (xylem) Apoplastic route Symplastic route Root hair Endodermis Vascular cylinder (stele) Epidermis Cortex Apoplastic route Symplastic route Transmembrane route The endodermis: controlled entry to the vascular cylinder (stele) Transport in the xylem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.8a Plasma membrane Casparian strip Vessels (xylem) Apoplastic route Symplastic route Root hair Endodermis Vascular cylinder (stele) Epidermis Cortex Apoplastic route Symplastic route Transmembrane route The endodermis: controlled entry to the vascular cylinder (stele) Transport in the xylem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.8b Casparian strip Pathway along apoplast Endodermal cell Pathway through symplast Water moves upward in vascular cylinder Plasmodesmata The endodermis: controlled entry to the vascular cylinder (stele) Transport in the xylem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.9

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Cuticle Upper epidermis Mesophyll Lower epidermis Cuticle Xylem Air space Stoma Water from xylem pulled into cells and air spaces. Microfibrils in cell wall of mesophyll cell Microfibril (cross section) Water film Air-water interface Increased surface tension pulls water from cells and air spaces. Air-water interface retreats. Water vapor replaced from water film. Water vapor diffuses outside via stomata

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Xylem cells Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Water molecule Atmosphere Transpiration Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water Water uptake from soil Water potential gradient Outside air ψ = −100.0 MPa Leaf ψ (air spaces) = −7.0 MPa Leaf ψ (cell walls) = −1.0 MPa Trunk xylem ψ = −0.8 MPa Trunk xylem ψ = −0.6 MPa Soil ψ = −0.3 MPa

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.11a Water molecule Root hair Soil particle Water Water uptake from soil

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.11b Xylem cells Adhesion by hydrogen bonding Cell wall Cohesion by hydrogen bonding Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.11c Xylem sap Mesophyll cells Stoma Water molecule Atmosphere Transpiration

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.12

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.12a

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.12b

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Guard cells turgid/ Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/ Stoma closed Guard cell Vacuole Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) (b) Role of potassium ions (K + ) in stomatal opening and closing K+K+ H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.13a Guard cells turgid/ Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/ Stoma closed Guard cell Vacuole Radially oriented cellulose microfibrils Cell wall (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.13b (b) Role of potassium ions (K + ) in stomatal opening and closing K+K+ H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Guard cells turgid/ Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/ Stoma closed

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure ▶ Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) 100 µm ▼ Oleander (Nerium oleander) ► Old man cactus (Cephalocereus senilis) Thick cuticle Upper epidermal tissue Trichomes (“hairs”) Crypt Stoma Lower epidermal tissue

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14a Ocotillo (leafless)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14b Ocotillo after heavy rain

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14c Ocotillo leaves

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14d 100 µm Thick cuticle Upper epidermal tissue Trichomes (“hairs”) Crypt Stoma Lower epidermal tissue Oleander leaf cross section

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14e Oleander flowers

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.14f Old man cactus

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Apoplast Symplast Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell Sieve-tube element Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell High H + concentration Proton pump Low H + concentration Cotransporter Sucrose H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ S S ATP (b) A chemiosmotic mechanism is responsible for the active transport of sucrose. (a) Sucrose manufactured in mesophyll cells can travel via the symplast (blue arrows) to sieve-tube elements.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.15a Apoplast Symplast Mesophyll cell Cell walls (apoplast) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Companion (transfer) cell Sieve-tube element Mesophyll cell Bundle- sheath cell Phloem parenchyma cell (a) Sucrose manufactured in mesophyll cells can travel via the symplast (blue arrows) to sieve-tube elements.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.15b High H + concentration Proton pump Low H + concentration Cotransporter Sucrose H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ S S ATP (b) A chemiosmotic mechanism is responsible for the active transport of sucrose.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Vessel (xylem) Sieve tube (phloem) Source cell (leaf) Loading of sugar Sucrose Sink cell (storage root) Sucrose Uptake of water Unloading of sugar Recycling of water H2OH2O H2OH2O H2OH2O Bulk flow by negative pressure Bulk flow by positive pressure

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Sap droplet 25 µm Sap droplet Sieve- tube element Stylet Aphid feeding Stylet in sieve- tube element Separated stylet exuding sap

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.17a Sap droplet Aphid feeding

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.17b 25 µm Sieve- tube element Stylet Stylet in sieve- tube element

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.17c Sap droplet Separated stylet exuding sap

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Plasmodesma 100 nm Cytoplasm of cell 1 Cytoplasm of cell 2 Virus particles Cell walls

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.UN01

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.UN02 Turgid

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.UN03 Wilted

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.UN04 Minerals H2OH2O H2OH2O CO 2 O2O2 O2O2

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 36.UN05