Chapter 9 Urban Geography Maria Arjona Bethany Johnson Thony Hilario Christa Torrence

WHEN AND WHY DID PEOPLE START LIVING IN CITIES? Human communities existed 100,000 years ago. People clustered in towns about 90,000 years ago. First cities were established about 8,000 years ago. Cities began to resemble modern size and structure only 200 years ago.

Steps Leading to the Formation of Cities People had to switch from hunting and gathering to agriculture. – Became more sedentary to work in fields – Clustered into agricultural villages

Agricultural Villages Subsistence farming Dwellings were of equal size Contained about the same number of possessions Egalitarian culture

Formation of Cities Two factors enable the formation of cities: – Agricultural surplus – Social stratification

Theories 1.Technological advances in irrigation led to surplus  leadership class formed to control it 2.King or priest-king centralized political power  demanded labor to increase surplus and retain power Once established, the leadership class helped generate surplus and control its distribution.

First Urban Revolution Innovation of the city Occurred in five separate hearths Urban hearths are closely linked to hearths of agriculture

The Five Urban Hearths 1.Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) 2. Nile River Valley (3200 BCE) 3. Indus River Valley (2200 BCE) 4. Huang He and Wei River Valley (1500 BCE) 5. Mesoamerica (200 BCE)

Role of Ancient Cities Centers of religion Chief marketplaces Educational centers Rest area for travelers of-anci.html

Diffusion of Urbanization Diffusion from Mesopotamia in different directions Population grew with steady food supply and sedentary lifestyle. Diffusion began early, over 3500 years ago(same time that cities developed in the Huang He hearth), long before Mesoamerica

Greek Cities Acropolis (acro=high point, polis=city) Highest point in the city, usually where religious structures were built Parthenon is most famous jpg

Greek Cities (contd.) Agora – Public places, open areas where people could socialize – Usually in a low part of town – Later became focus of commercial activity

Roman Cities Greatly influenced by Greek cities Planners chose the best site, or absolute location of cities based on trade location, defensive location, and important religious location.

Roman Cities (contd.) Forum Combination of Greek acropolis and agora

Urban Growth After Greece and Rome Europe began the Middle Ages Little growth occurred at this time Urbanism declined in some parts of Europe Urban growth did occur along the Silk Route

Site and Situation Before European exploration, major cities were located inland along the Silk Route and other trade routes.

Site and Situation (contd.) When European maritime exploration began, previously prominent cities became less important as coastal cities. The relative location, or situation, of these coastal cities made them crucial in oceanic exploration.

The Second Urban Revolution Revolution in agriculture allowed people to urbanize. – Seed drills – Hybrid seeds – Improved breeding practices hp%3Fy%3D07%26m%3D03%26entry%3Dentry %26rating%3D2&usg=__hmOZ- ahHlbFE7fScJ_yw_Fr_R60=&h=250&w=400&sz=26&hl=en&start=5&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=2nmH7vPa7TtCdM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dagricultural%2Brevolution%26 um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26tbs%3Disch:1

The Second Urban Revolution (contd.) Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain Spread to mainland Factories emerged and city structure became unregulated. Poor worker conditions and long shifts for children Karl Marx and Frederick Engels encouraged workers to unite to improve work conditions dies/Case_Studies_Asia/urbwater/E12.jpg

The Second Urban Revolution (contd.) Manufacturing cities grew rapidly without planning  slums and ghettoes 2 nd half of 20 th century, factories relocated Leading to “rust belts”

WHERE ARE CITIES LOCATED AND WHY? Site and situation plays a major role Trade area: region next to a city or town which is influenced by the city

Rank-size Rule States that the population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. Ex: Largest city: 12 million people 2 nd largest: 6 million (1/2 of largest) 3 rd largest: 4 million (1/3 of largest ) 4 th largest: 3 million (1/4 of largest) Does not apply to all countries

Central Place Theory Predicts and where central places would be distributed. Assumptions: 1. Surface of ideal region is flat with no barriers 2. Soil fertility is equal everywhere 3. Population and purchasing power is equal 4. Uniform transportation network for direct travel 5.A good or service can be sold in all directions

Hexagonal Hinterlands Each trade area is perfectly hexagonal shaped so all areas are included

Central Places Today Sunbelt phenomenon-movement of Americans from north and northeastern states to the South and Southwest Planned by government to change urban hierarchy in the Sunbelt

HOW ARE CITIES ORGANIZED AND HOW DO THEY FUNCTION? Cities are organized by zones Concentric zone model:

Sector Model Homer Hoyt developed the sector model as an answer to the limitations of the concentric zone model. Hoyt focused on where the residential patterns, particularly where the wealthy chose to live.

Multiple Nuclei Model Focuses on the fact that the central business district is losing its dominance as the center of cities multiple-nuclei-model.1.jpg

Urban Realms Model Constitutes the latest step forward in interpreting American urban structure _figures/IMAGE_58.JPG

Griffin-Ford Model Latin American city structure Their cities blend traditional elements with the forces of globalization

Land Use Areas in Large Southeast Asian City http ://w ww. mac alest er.e du/c ours es/g eog 61/t sado wy/ seas iapl an.j pg

HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE CITIES? Powerful social and cultural preferences influence the character of the city and who lives where People and institutions make places and cities Many of the most populous cities are in the poorest parts of the world Cities in poorer parts of the world generally lack zoning laws

Discriminatory Practices Redlining is a real estate practice in North America where members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining loans to buy houses in certain districts Blockbusting is when realtors would solicit white residents to move when a minority moved into the neighborhood Both are now prohibited

Urban Sprawl As populations grow, some urban areas have experienced urban sprawl. Urban sprawl tends to have little concern for urban planning Instead of cities growing “up” they grow “out” due to era of the automobile usda.jpg

New Urbanism An urban design vision created to counter urban sprawl The objective is to create planning for open space, a balance of housing and jobs, and neighborhoods that feel like places Despite the criticism, new urbanism is attracting a growing number of people

Ethnic Neighborhoods in a European City Typically affiliated with migrants from former colonies Algeria was a colony of France, and now some French cities have distinct Algerian neighborhoods Migration to Europe is restricted by policies and laws Immigration is changing the spacial-cultural geography of European cities

Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery Slum developments typically develop where permanent buildings end The total number of people living in slums is uncertain Landowners threaten to destroy the shack if a resident doesn’t pay rent u/~paradejm/p ictures/hillside Slums.jpg kWKqQEHEdf0/R75Djcbp2qI /AAAAAAAADSs/L8VEM2- eGBA/s400/slum.jpg

The vast slums of cities in poorer parts of the world are typically ethnically delineated There are many fundamental problems, such as crowding, unemployment, unsanitary conditions, hunger, and lack of education

Informal economy The money residents of slums earn is not taxed and does not count towards a country’s gross national income When calculated, it can add up to a huge total in monetary value Governments worry about it because it is recordless and no taxes are paid

WHAT ROLE DO CITIES PLAY IN GLOBALIZATION? World cities function at the global scale, beyond limits of borders Some countries don’t have a single primate city New York City

Cities as Spaces of Consumption Global media giants, such as Disney and Viacom, use cross promotion to encourage the consumption of their products Media companies also are investing heavily in urban centers to create an environment where people can go to consume their products Urban centers transforming into entertainment districts AX8/913nxFsZSgo/s400/mickey_evil png