Digital Railway 2.0 Solution KM

1 Operational Communication Solution (1/3) 1.Multiple proprietary technologies and protection mechanisms, ensuring operational communication security and reliability Solution feature 1 Wireless BSS + NSS: enables network-wide redundancy and preventing SPOF. Customer benefits: The solution prevents signal interruption and deterioration, dispatch call interruption, and unscheduled train stop caused by system faults. Advantages: Huawei's proprietary AFC algorithm improves cell switchover efficiency. Solution feature 3 OTN-/MSTP-ASON: permits ASON deployment at the backbone, aggregation, and access layers to prevent single- and multi-point of failure. Customer benefits: Multi-Layer protection against single- and multi-point of failure caused by natural disasters and system faults. Advantages: industry's first OTN-/MSTP-ASON, enabling ASON deployment at the backbone, aggregation, and access layers. The preset protection route enables automatic telecom-grade service switchover within 50 ms. Key technologies OTN-/MSTP-ASON and OTN RRU protection Solution feature transport and ring network protection: allows multi-ring access and improves bearer reliability. Customer benefits: Service-, device-, and network-level protection ensures information security, service reliability, and transport safety. Advantages: Fast BSC switchover (30s), and the industry's only frequency sharing, bearer frequency backup, network redundancy, and E2E (MSC, MGW, HLR, and BSC) DR protection Key technologies Patent high-speed AFC algorithm Distributed commercial base station and RRU

2 Operational Communication Solution (2/3) 2.Highly compatibility with complicated environments along railways, simplifying system deployment, lowering station investments, and cutting down on OPEX Solution feature 4 Industry's first distributed, commercial base station: allows network planning, deployment, management, and maintenance in diversified environments such as tunnels, mountains, and depots. Customer benefits: The solution separates BBU from RRU, adopts the compact design, and allows 6 RRU deployed in one cell, improving frequency usage. The application scenarios include but not limit to tunnels, mountains, depots, and railway junctions. When successfully deployed, the solution improves signal quality, reduces switchover frequency, cuts down on development costs, and simplifies development and maintenance. Advantages: Industry's only distributed, commercial site, featuring simplified management, lower costs, and flexible coverage compared to competitor products Solution feature 6 Microwave networking, supplementary ring, and RRU protection: share 80% MSTP boards, reducing system development and spare part procurement costs. Customer benefits: The solution supports flexible networking in complicated network environments. Different models of MSTP devices share boards to reduce system development and spare part procurement costs. Advantages: Unified MSTP design and service board sharing significantly lowers spare part procurement costs. Solution feature 5 Huawei-proprietary same-frequency, co-site, dual-network coverage and coverage enhancement technologies: improve frequency usage and reduce investment costs. Customer benefits: In the scenario of co-site dual-network coverage, two base stations in the same site support use the same frequency. This raises the frequency usage. The macro base station uses diverse coverage enhancement technologies to reduce site development costs. Advantages: Industry's only same-frequency, co-site, dual-network coverage technologies, improving frequency usage and reducing investment costs Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: distributed commercial base station Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: dual-density DTRU and PBT with higher power Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: unified platform design for MSTP

3 Operational Communication Solution (3/3) 3. Integration with existing systems and smooth evolution. Solution feature 8 Industry's only dual-mode (GSM-R and eLTE) base station: improves smooth evolution towards LTE. Customer benefits: The soft-switching core network uses the R4 architecture. Base stations provide LTE interfaces. The solution supports smooth evolution towards LTE, maximizing customers' ROI. Advantages: Success cases of R4 soft-switching core network, experience of core network upgrade from R99 to R4, and base stations that support the interconnection with future LTE devices Solution feature 9 Hybrid MSTP and microwave products: support smooth upgrade towards all IP networks. Customer benefits: The co-platform design supports evolution towards all IP networks, minimizing customers' TCO in network evolution. Advantages: Industry's only Hybrid MSTP (MSTP, packet, and mixed mode), supporting smooth evolution and on-demand evolution Solution feature 7 SDH plane: enhances network reliability; packet plane: improves network resource usage. Customer benefits: The solution uses the SDH plane to bear services with high security requirements and the packet plane to bear those with comparatively low security requirements, meeting bandwidth growth challenges. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: dual-mode (GSM-R and eLTE) base station Keytechnologies Hybrid MSTP Keytechnologies Dual plane design

4 Agile Depot Solution (1/3) 1. Visual management, shortening the maintenance period by 20% Solution feature 1 Wireless location: allows visual service tracking. Customer benefits: visible production, maintenance quality control, safe production, and access control for hazard areas Advantages: RTLS (accuracy: 3-5 meters) improves service dispatch efficiency, enhances system security, and controls access to hazard areas. PUs automatically upload surveillance video for linked operation when detecting hazard area intrusion. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: security sandbox and L4 VPN Solution feature 2 Wide coverage, highly reliable wireless networks, and diverse access modes Customer benefits: less manual operation and higher operational efficiency Advantages: The dedicated design tools simplify network design. Diverse certification modes (digital, portal, and MAC) enable mobile access. The L4 VPN encrypted tunnel ensures secure data transmission. MDM protects terminal access security. And the security sandbox separates service systems to ensure production security. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: LBS technologies

5 Agile Depot Solution (2/3) 2. Unified network bearer, and integration of wired and wireless networks Solution feature 3 Unified network bearer: lowers O&M costs. Customer benefits: reduces network development and O&M costs. Advantages: network integration, reducing the device number by 2/3 Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: high-performance ENP chip Solution feature 4 Security protection: improves production network reliability. Customer benefits: secure and reliable production network, and auditable production processes Advantages: UTM provides comprehensive security protection for the Internet and TMIS borders. ASG controls and audits vehicle and personnel behavior. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: S12700 programmable agile switch Solution feature 5 Integration of wired and wireless networks Customer benefits: unified network management, lowering maintenance costs and offering consistent experience Advantages: Onboard AC supports the unified management of wired and wireless networks, lowering the port and rack numbers. The high-performance ENP chip eliminates wireless service expansion bottlenecks.

6 Agile Depot Solution (3/3) 3. Management platform integration, lowering the system TCO Solution feature 6 Cloud service system Customer benefits: Fewer system servers and lower OPEX Advantages: depot infrastructure convergence, integration of computing, storage, and network resources, unified command and dispatch platform Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: FusionAccess secure desktop cloud Solution feature 7 Unified cloud management and lower OPEX Customer benefits: simplified management and high IT resource usage Advantages: unified management for virtual and physical IT resources, eSDK open cloud management capabilities, and simplified IT management portal and resource distribution workflows Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: FusionCube all-in-one device Solution feature 8 Office desktop cloud and lower maintenance costs Customer benefits: unified network management, lowering maintenance costs and offering consistent experience Advantages: The desktop cloud allows on-demand resource distribution and improves resource usage. The customized thin clients meet depot office requirements.

7 Convergent Data Center Solution (1/3) 1. Elastic computing, support high-concurrency service operation Solution feature 1 Low latency and high I/O throughput: improves the reading, writing, and processing performance. Customer benefits: higher ticket data query and processing speeds, supporting massive concurrent computing services, such as online ticket booking Advantages: A single rack supports up to 12 TB memory. The memory database uses ns-level IO memory to replace 10 ms level hard disks. Distributed parallel storage improves storage efficiency and eliminates performance bottlenecks. The industry's fastest InfiniBand interface maximizes the network transmission performance. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: innovative, convergent architecture + IB + SSD Solution feature 2 Linear expansion of computing and storage performance Customer benefits: computing performance estimation and planning Advantages: The solution supports linear expansion. If a 2-node system is expanded to a 4-node one, the system performance is improved by 1.8 to 2.1 times. The solution supports the expansion to thousands of hard disks. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: FusionCube that features 240 IOPS Huawei proprietary: distributed storage and the industry's fastest InfiniBank interface (56 Gbit/s)

8 Convergent Data Center Solution (2/3) 2. High performance and scalability, supporting railway service integration and deployment Solution feature 3 Network virtualization, layered services, and flexible definition Customer benefits: The solution categorizes service systems by different conditions Advantages: The CE data center switch supports diverse virtualization modes, railway service categorization by different conditions, and traffic separation using VLAN, MCE, and VS. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: The CE12800 cloud-level switch features the industry's largest forwarding capacity (62 Tbit/s). Huawei proprietary: TRILL supports 512 nodes. nCenter deploys up to 1000 VMs per second. Solution feature 4 High-Performance network: supports elastic service deployment and features 0 traffic congestion. Customer benefits: The system meets data center business requirements in the next 5 to 10 years. Advantages: The CE12800 data center switch features the orthogonal architecture, ultra low latency (2 us), Tbit- level high-density line card, and 64 Tbit/s ultra-large capacity. This enables the development of high-performance railway platforms. TRILL provides large L2 network to enable VM migration, supporting up to 512 nodes. nCenter assists fast, batch VM migration, supporting the deployment of 1000 VMs per second (10 to 20 times more than other mainstream products). Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: CSS (N:1) + VS (1:N) virtualization

9 Convergent Data Center Solution (3/3) 3. Multiple protection and DR measures, ensuring network security and reliability Solution feature 5 Network border protection: separates the production and marketing services for security protection. Customer benefits: The solution protects key service systems from cyber attacks using network isolation technologies. Advantages: Firewalls on the extranet border enable secure access to production and marketing services. Anti-DDoS on the Internet access areas prevents DDoS attacks on core service systems. MPLS VPN+VLAN technologies separate the marketing and service systems from each other to ensure service security. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: active-active data center Solution feature 6 Active-active data centers and highly reliable architecture Customer benefits: Customers' business systems can operate normally without interruption or data loss upon natural disasters and system faults. Advantages: The A-A architecture features high reliability, ensuring 0 data loss and service interruption upon system faults (RPO = 0, RTO ≈ 0). Both data centers concurrently provide services to make full use of DR resources. The system supports snapshot recovery, allowing minute-level data recovery upon misoperation and logic errors. The DWDM features 80 x 40 Gbit/s ultra large capacity, meeting the requirements of real-time backup. The system supports 14 types of SAN interfaces, flexible configuration, and comprehensive backup of storage data, environment status data, and traffic. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: MPLS VPN+VLAN

10 Digital Train Solution (1/2) 80 Mbit/s LTE that connects stations and fast-moving trains (431 km/h) Solution feature 1 Industry-leading LTE wireless communication technologies: enables 80 Mbit/s train-ground broadband connection Customer benefits: The solution features high-quality real-time connection (PIS, HD CCTV, and Wi-Fi), voice communication, and data backhaul services. Advantages: Traditional train-ground communication systems have only 10 Mbit/s bandwidth. These systems can barely carry PIS and CCTV services and do not support Wi-Fi connection. Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: The distributed commercial base station uses RRUs to cover tunnels and bridges. The station supports up to 18 RRU for each BBU and enables a cell to have multiple RRUs, reducing switchover frequency. Huawei proprietary: The AFC-based switchover algorithm lowers the switchover latency to less than 100 ms. Solution feature 2 Stable network connection between stations and fast-moving trains (431 km/h) Customer benefits: stable and reliable train-ground network connection, improving passenger experience Advantages: A single RF module has a power of 20 W, supporting long-reach coverage (WLAN coverage radius: 200 m). The fast switchover algorithm lowers the cell switchover latency to 100 ms (WLAN: 500 ms). Keytechnologies Huawei proprietary: The industry-leading LTE technologies make full use of fragmentary frequency resources ranging from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. The TDD LTE adjusts upstream and downstream traffic based on frequency widths. This brings a high frequency usage of 5 bit/s per Hz. The flat network architecture reduces the NE number and lowers the transmission latency to less than 50 ms.

11 Digital Train Solution (2/2) 2. Open platform and high-density access, improving passenger experience Solution feature 1 6-in-1 multi-functional train-mounted interconnection gateway Customer benefits: The all-in-one device integrates the router, switch, firewall, gateway, server, and AC modules to lower the O&M costs. Advantages: Traditional digital train systems use independent gateways and industrial computers, suffering large device footprints. Keytechnologies Automatic link switchover technologies, ensuring network bandwidth and service continuity upon section changes Solution feature 2 Multi-Link wireless uplink and multi-carrier access Customer benefits: This feature increases the train-ground communication bandwidth and ensures service continuity when a train moves from one section to another. Advantages: LTE uplink Keytechnologies High-performance train-mounted AR511, integration with the Android OS, and customization of third-party applications Keytechnologies High-density access Solution feature 2 Complete, high-density Wi-Fi coverage for carriages Customer benefits: The solution improves service quality and passenger experience. Advantages: 1 Gbit/s throughput, supporting secure access of 300+ passengers for each train.

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