The European Renaissance c

Growth of Italian City-States Italian city-states grow rich and powerful –Had strong ties with Byzantine and Muslim merchants –Centrally located –Each city-state specialized in one commercial activity Usually controlled by guilds Milan: metal goods and armor Florence: banking and textiles Venice: Asian goods –Europeans monarchs and nobles sought loans from merchants

Modern Florence

Florence becomes the most influential city-state Maintained a thriving industry in wool and silk trade –Purchased luxury items from the East and sold them for a larger profit –Sold insurance to sea traders to protect their investments Created numerous banks that made loans or exchanged currencies Medici family promoted trade, banking, the arts, scholarship and civic pride Lorenzo di Medici ( ) Known as “the Magnificent”

Renaissance begins Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth” –Refers to the revival in arts and learning –Revival of Greco-Roman culture Italian city-states displayed wealth by giving financial support to artists who created works with classical themes Florence takes the lead in the late 1300s and becomes the center of the Renaissance into the 1500s Rome becomes the focus of the Renaissance under Pope Julius II Pope Julius II By: Raphael

The Spirit of the Renaissance People became interested in Ancient culture… –Knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome was rediscovered by scholars Contact with Byzantines and Muslims during the Crusades ignited this interest –Scholars thought ancient Greek and Roman writings would help them solve problems Latin translation of one of Aristotle’s works

Spirit of the Renaissance included… A fascination with Classical cultures –Artists used ancient art as models –Sculptures created statues that copied the Greco-Roman ideal of the human body Donatello Michelangelo –Architects designed buildings after studying the ruins in Rome Brunelleschi Michelangelo

Spirit of the Renaissance included… A new type of scholar called a humanist –Humanists devoted themselves to studying ancient writings –They tried to learn about many subjects such as Latin, Greek, history and mathematics –Petrarch, a Florentine, was the first great humanist A belief in human potential –Believed each person could achieve great things –Claimed that people educated in the classics could create a better world –Emphasized human achievement on earth, rather than the afterlife

Renaissance Literature

Johannes Gutenberg ( ) “Revolutionary of the written word” Born in Mainz, Germany Goldsmith turned printer Block printing –Carve what was to be printed into wooden blocks –Blocks would wear out –Mistakes could not be corrected easily Invented moveable type for his printing press (1452) –Each letter on a separate shank –Reusable –Mistakes easily fixed –Lasted longer than blocks Books were now cheaper, more people could afford them –Literacy increases –Ideas spread much faster Protestant Reformation Scientific Revolution

Movable Type The Chinese & Koreans had it first.

A page from the Gutenberg Bible Only 5 intact Bibles remain

Petrarch –“Father of Humanism” –Sonnets Castiglione –The Courtier Machiavelli –The Prince –“Father of Political Science” –Encourages rulers to use all means “fair or foul” to gain and keep power Characteristics of Italian Renaissance Literature Written in the vernacular –Dante was the first to write in his native tongue rather than Latin –Divine Comedy –The Inferno Secular –Everyday lives –Politics Role of individual stressed Humanistic –People are capable of accomplishing anything by: Raphael

Northern Renaissance Literature Vernacular Call for reforms –Saw the ills of society and hoped to correct them through the written word Satires –Attempt to poke fun at the excesses of life while drawing attention to the reality for reform Erasmus –Dutch –The Praise of Folly –Called for reforms in the Church Sir Thomas More –English –Utopia –Called for the reform of society in general (calls for an “ideal society”) Shakespeare –English –Playwright, poet Cervantes –Spanish –Don Quixote –Calls for the reform of Spanish society…join the 17 th century already! Erasmus Sir Thomas More Sir Wm Shakespeare

Renaissance Art

Characteristics of Art Realistic Perspective Humanistic Classical Sculpture Painting: Frescoes, oils Italian Renaissance Art Famous Italian Artists Donatello Botticelli Brunelleschi Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael

“David” (Bronze) (1430)

“Birth of Venus” c. 1485

Santa Maria del Fiore

Leonardo da Vinci Self-portrait “Vitruvian Man”

The Last Supper by da Vinci

“Mona Lisa” Mona Lisa del Giocondo ( )

Michelangelo “Pieta” (1499)

“David” ( ) Michelangelo “Moses” (1513)

St. Peter’s Basilica ( ) Dome-designed by Michelangelo

“Creation of Adam” Sistine Chapel Michelangelo

“Last Judgment” ( ) Michelangelo

Raphael St. George Fighting the Dragon (1505)

“School of Athens” by Raphael ( )

The Sistine Madonna ( ) Raphael

Madonna della Sedia Or Madonna of the Chair (1514) Raphael

Northern Renaissance Art “Photographic” Attention to details Secular mostly –Portraits –Landscapes –Documentation of events Rich deep hues –Oils on canvas Jan Van Eyck –Dutch –Religious and secular paintings Hans Holbein –Dutch –Court painter for Henry VIII of England Pieter Bruegel –Dutch/Flemish –Landscapes, scenes with peasants

“Henry VIII” (1540) Holbein

“The Wedding Portrait” Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife Jan van Eyck (1434)

“The Peasant Wedding” (1568) Pieter Bruegel

Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art/literature. But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. The differences between the two cultures: Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. Northern Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. More princes & kings were patrons of artists. Northern Renaissance compared to Italian Renaissance

Renaissance With a partner create an acrostic that describes the spirit of the Renaissance R E N A I S A N C E

Acrostic R ebirth of ancient ideas and learning