Radicalism in America,

Turning Points…  Freedom Summer ’64  SNCC  Stokley Carmichael  Race in the movement  Watts 1965  Free Speech Movement  Vietnam and anti-war protest

Watts, Los Angeles 1965

What do We Want….Power  Reaction to CRM  Political vacuum & anti-communism  Critique of capitalism  Culture, colonialism, oppression  Rhetoric of revolution  Nationalism  Global awareness

Black Panther Party for Self Defense  Oakland & Bay Area   Unemployment  Political disenfranchisement  Police Brutality  Poverty & urban decay  Racism

Ten Point Plan  1) We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.  2) We want full employment for our people.  3) We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists of our Black Community.  4) We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.  5) We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present day society.  6) We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.  7) We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.  8) We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.  9) We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.  10) We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. And as our major political objective, a United Nations- supervised plebiscite to be held throughout the Black colony in which only Black colonial subjects will be allowed to participate, for the purpose of determining the will of Black people as to their national destiny

Alameda County Court House, 1968  Stokely Carmichael  Bobby Seale  Huey Newton  Eldridge Cleaver  Angela Davis  H. Rap Brown

Chicano Movement  Generation following the World War II and Mexican American Generation  Ethnic roots and Indigenous identity  Political consciousness & historical awareness  Impatience with legal approaches  Cultural nationalism, militant, direct action, civil disobedience  Alliances with other radicals  Third World critique

United Farm Workers  End of braceros in 1964 helped unionization  Cesar Chavez and Delores Huerta  San Joaquin Valley  UFW 1962  Delano Strike against grape owners,  National boycott

Alianza Federal de Mercedes  Reies Lopez Tijerina  1929 Fall City, TX  Est. Alianza in 1963, NM  Loss of Hispano homelands & land grants  Rio Arriba County & NFS revoked grazing permits  Lawsuits, protests, occupations  Land Grants  Republic of Chama

Educational Reform  Poor schools  Discrimination  Biased curriculum  Racist teachers and administrators  School Walk-outs and boycotts

La Crusada Para Justicia  Rudolfo “Corky” Gonzales  Denver, Viva Kennedy  1966, urban youth, education, art, culture, community  Aztlan & “occupied America”  “Yo Soy Joaquin”  Plan Espiritual de Aztlan  La Raza Unida  El Paso

Chicano War Moratorium   Uneven deaths of Chicanos  April, 1970 Laguna Park, LA  Community & Brown Berets  Police attacked  Death of Ruben Salazar

Legacies of the Movement  MALDEF  NCLR  MEChA  Cultural pride & political power  Education for success  Community activism  History & nationalism

American Indian Militancy  Critique of NCAI  Emphasis on treaties & land rights  Sovereignty  Confrontation  Occupations  Fish-Ins  Use the media to gain attention

Sensational Events  Frank’s Landing  Fish-Ins  Direct Action  Non-Violent  Civil Disobedience  Treaties  Marlon Brando  Boldt Decision

Alcatraz Occupation,  Urban Center  Federal Property  Symbolic Protest  Gathering Place  Media Attention  Indians of all Nations  Treaties  Self-determination

Legacy of Alcatraz  Treaties  “Modern Activism”  National Media  Consciousness  Direct Action  No BIA  Shaped a Generation

American Indian Movement  1968 established  Minneapolis  Urban poverty  Police/Racism  Black Panthers  Direct Action  Militant rhetoric  Male oriented

Trail of Broken Treaties,  March across U.S.  National unity  Awareness  Protest  Meet in D.C.  Self-determination  Twenty Points  Occupation of BIA headquarters

Wounded Knee, II 1973  Corruption, Violence, Poverty, Alcoholism, racism  Ask AIM to help  Sovereignty  History of Oglala  Treaty of 1868  70 day stand-off between AIM and federal government

Significance of Activism  “Modern Activism” reflected era  Youth & generational divisions  Post-War prosperity & opportunities highlighted differences between whites and non-Anglos  Cold-War fight against communist oppression created contradictions at home: racism and inequality  Anti-Communist hysteria limited democracy and pushed people to confrontational tactics to make social change

Continued  Pride and Self-determination  Cultural identity and the “rediscovery of history”  Great Society Programs (WIC, Afirm. Action, HUD, War on Poverty, EEOC)  Internal divisions, lack of intellectualism, poor long-term planning, over-heated rhetoric, sexism, “out of the mainstream”  Federal oppression, CIA, FBI, COINTEL Program, co-opted movements and crippled them