Industrialization and its Effects The development of the -isms

Political Forces of Change Revolutions (1700s-1800s) British Revolution (1600s) Enlightenment Period American Revolution French Revolution Continuing struggles between conservatives, liberals, radicals and nationalists in Europe

Industrial Revolution  Population growth  Steam engine  Encouragement by government – new banking systems and trading arrangements  Transportation and communications  Factory system  Spread to other European countries  French revolution helped prepare the way by destroying remaining feudal structure  Development of the wage earner class  Urbanization

Economic Forces  Capitalism Unpleasant working conditions for labor  Rise in alternative systems Utilitarianism Utopian socialism Marxist socialism Socialist practices developed through political process and regulation of capitalism Labor Unions

Revolutions of 1848 Europe Forces of political change and economic pressures Revolution began in Paris- urban workers demand social reforms- government sponsored jobs for unemployed, female suffrage Revolutions in central Europe were nationalist in nature, wanted liberal constitutions, the final end to feudalistic obligations, and organization by national identities. Failed revolutions ended revolutionary period, future methods would be more gradual –labor movements and reforms by government in response to demands, universal male suffrage

The Industrial State  Civil service exams to fill a growing government bureaucracy  Universal education by to 95% of all adults in W. Europe and the U.S. could read  Increased nationalism  Government more programs to satisfy workers (early welfare programs in Europe)  Growth of popularity of Marxism among workers by the 1860s  Large socialist parties in Germany, Austria, France that challenged liberal political parties  Socialism became less radical in order to build popular support  Feminism growing movement for female suffrage and other legal rights  Declining birth rate  Leisure time activities for the upper and middle classes - sports

New Theories and Scientific Discoveries to 1914 Reason, science, progress  Louis Pasteur- germ theory  Dmitri Mendeleev- genetics  Michael Faraday- electricity-primitive generator  Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin  Sigmund Freud – development of the theories of the human sub-conscience  Marie Curie - radiation  1905 Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity

Social Theories  Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism  Anti-Semitism - pogroms  Zionism  Modernism

Artistic movements  Romanticism early 1800s– reaction to Enlightenment ideas of reason stressed emotion and imagination Poe, Beethoven, Delacroix  Realism – after 1850 – rejection of romanticism- recognition of real world problems –use of photography caused a decline in this art form  Impressionism 1870s – focus on light and nature  Post-impressionism 1880s– feelings and emotions  Cubism 1900s  Abstract impressionism 1910  Functionalism in architecture

Romanticism/Realism Liberty, Leading the People WebMuseum The Stone Breakers

Impressionism/Post Impressionism Claude Monet Vincent Van Gogh askville.amazon.com

Nationalism in Germany  Unification of Germany under Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck “blood and iron” Use of cunning and force to achieve goals “realpolitik” politics of reality--foreign policy of war Germany united under the Kaiser of the Second Reich – William I Destined to become the most powerful country on the continent—military and industrial strength By the rule of William II conservatives refuted demands for democracy by supporting expansionist foreign policy

Nationalism in Great Britain  Rule of Queen Victoria  Middle classes very active in politics  Working classes saw rise in wages  Strength of labor union movement caused political and social reforms in a functioning political democracy  National pride in accomplishments

Nationalism in the US  War of 1812  Andrew Jackson’s election – era of the common man  Civil War – union saved  Ideas of nullification and secession are refuted  Amendments 13,14,15 strengthen national government over states

Imperialism  Causes Economic – resources and markets Growing populations and need for expansion in industrialized economy Rivalry with other industrialized countries Social Darwinism and racism – struggle between fit and unfit “White Man’s Burden” Christianize the natives

Scramble for Africa

Advantages of Europeans  Steamships to travel to interior of the continents and between Europe and the colonies  Weaponry – machine guns, large artillery  Improved communication - telegraph

British in Africa  Objective was to control from North to South  Protect Suez Canal and join Egypt to holdings in South Africa Image from

British Imperialism

Europeans in Africa  France wanted to control Africa from East to West  Belgium held central Africa  Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal all wanted colonies  Berlin Conference drew map of Africa – no African delegates present

Colonizer and colonized  Different relationships than earlier colonization period  Indirect rule and direct rule were used to rule colonies  Racism and less social interaction  Western education of native populations  Educated natives became the African nationalists that began independence movements recognizing the disparity between democracy and colonial policy

Imperialism in Southeast Asia  British Malay peninsula and Singapore Burma  France Vietnam French Indochina  United States Philippines

Results in Southeast Asia  Thailand was able to resist British and French colonization  Colonies controlled economies – produced products needed by industries in Europe  High taxes and brutal conditions for workers  Benefits-export markets did create some wealth for a very few locals  Railroads, highways, schools  Resistance movements developed and often led by educated urban westernized natives

British in India  “Jewel in the crown”  Direct rule through a viceroy  Suez Canal completed in 1869 created a direct connection to India  Burma was colonized in order to protect India on the East  Large numbers of British Civil Servants were involved in governing India

Evaluation of British Rule  Benefits Order to society often divided by Civil War Schools but mainly for elite Railroads Telegraph  Costs Economy controlled by foreigners Cotton encouraged over food crops Social degradation of Indian people Racism

Movement for Indian Nationalism  1885 – Indian National Congress  Muslim League  Mohandas Gandhi  Independence not achieved until after World War II  Hinduism/Muslim conflict caused the newly independent country to split into India and Pakistan