EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38–56) © barbara weightman, conceptcaching.com

Major Geographic Qualities Western extremity of Eurasia Remains a region with world influence High degrees of specialization Lingering manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living Population implosion International economic integration

Europe’s Climate

Relative Location

At the heart of the land hemisphere Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world Every part of Europe is close to the sea Navigable waterways Moderate distances

Physical Landscapes Western Uplands North European Lowland Central Uplands Alpine Mountains

Agrarian Revolution Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase

Von Thünen’s Isolated State A classic model in geography Fashioned in 1826 to explain the economic patterns developing around European cities Based on four concentric land-use rings surrounding a marketplace Land use was a function of transportation costs The isolated state became the foundation for modern location theory

Von Thünen’s Isolated State model and its 20 th century application to the European realm

Industrial Revolution Developed in the UK between Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

Industrial Location Theory Alfred Weber published his work in 1909 Examined the influences that affect industrial location Focused on activities that occur at specific points Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces © Alexander B. Murphy, conceptcaching.com

Political Revolutions Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia in 1868 Occurring in the Netherlands, Britain, Scandinavia and France Origin of the idea of Nation-States

Europe’s languages Great variety of languages and dialects Many (but not all) are part of the Indo-European language family

Europe’s languages

Movement across geographic space Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas Principles: –Complementarity –Transferability –Intervening opportunity Spatial Interaction © Harm de Blij, conceptcaching.com

Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area Germany Italy Complementarity

The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost Rivers, mountain passes, road networks Advances in transportation technology Transferability © barbara weightman, conceptcaching.com

The presence of a nearer source of supply or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites Would Austrian beer be cheaper to import into Italy? Intervening Opportunity

Urban Tradition Urbanization Related concepts –Primate city –Metropolis –CBD

City The term is a political designation Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization In Europe the largest cities (especially capitals) are often –the foci of the state –microcosms of their national cultures

Primate Cities A country’s largest city Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size Especially expressive of the national culture Usually (but not always) the capital Examples: Paris, London, Athens

European Cities

High suburban densities Apartments Greenbelts Public transportation Land scarcity Centralization Government involvement in urban planning In European cities you are more likely to find: © Harm de Blij, conceptcaching.com

Population Density Population Density: 256 persons per square mile Urbanization: 75% Europe

Falling share of the world’s population Fertility at an all-time low Fewer young people Smaller working age population Immigration partially offsetting losses Lack of cultural integration with immigrants Europe’s Population Implosion © barbara weightman, conceptcaching.com© Jon Malinowski, conceptcaching.com

Muslim immigration is changing Europe’s cultural landscape People and Places Videos- Germany: Guest Workers

EUROPE I (CHAPTER 1: 38–56) © barbara weightman, conceptcaching.com