30-1 Postwar Nationalism

Turkish Nationalism Mustafa Kemal was a general and war hero in Turkey. After WWI, Kemal led a Turkish nationalist movement. He overthrew the Sultan and established Turkey as an independent republic. Mustafa Kemal became known as Kemal Ataturk, “Father of the Turks.”

Westernization and Modernization Out with the Old: Islamic Law Muslim calendar Traditional dress/fez Religious schools Arabic alphabet Women wore veils Women had no political rights Women could not work outside the home In with the New: Western Law Code Christian calendar Western dress State schools Western alphabet No veils Women could vote Women could hold jobs

Industrialization

Resistance Betrayal of Islam Rejection of Western values and modernization

Iran Location: Iran is located in the Middle East in Asia. It has the Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan to its north, Afghanistan to the east, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south, and Iraq to the west Capital: Tehran. Climate: Iran has an arid, subtropical climate.

Persia Nationalist forces led by Reza Khan overthrew the Shah of the Qadjar Dynasty. Like Attaurk, he modernized and westernized Persia while trying to limit Western political influence. He ruled as a dictator and adopted the name Reza Shah Pahlavi

Iran In 1935 he changed the name of Persia to Iran, a variation in the word Aryan. WWII/1941: USA (CIA) and Britain depose the Shah of Iran for being a Nazi collaborator Mohammad Reza- Shah Pahlavi, the son, helps to overthrow his father. He establishes a constitutional monarchy. His government is not popular.

Arab Nationalism During WWI, many Arabs helped the Allies. In return they were promised independence. After the war, Britain and France divided up the Ottoman lands between themselves. The established mandates, territories administered by the European powers.

French and British Mandates In the 1920’s and 1930’s, Arab nationalists sought to be free of foreign control.

Pan-Arabism A movement of Arab unity based on their shared heritage

Zionism Zionism first arose in the 1890’s in Europe and the Middle East. Jewish people wanted to establish a Jewish State in Palestine. The situation was complex since Arab peoples were already living there.

Conflicting Promises During WWI the Allies promised Arabs land that included Palestine. They also pledged to establish a Jewish nation in the same region. As more Jews moved to Palestine to escape persecution in the 1930’s, tensions grew.

Egypt

History In 1922 GB granted Egypt limited independence. GB maintained control of the Suez Canal. In 1935, Fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia. GB granted Egypt complete independence in return for their help in preventing further Italian aggression. GB maintained a small force in the Suez Canal Zone

Kenya

Postwar Colonialism 45,000 Kenyans died fighting for Allies in WWI Kenyans hoped for independence as payment British imperialism hardened -New settlers -Land grabs: coffee plantations and farms -Hired natives at low wages -Imposed harsh working conditions

Kenyan Nationalism Resistance gave rise to a nationalist movement Henry Thuku led protest that turned violent. 25 protesters killed. Thuku was exiled

Non Violent Protest Jomo Kenyatta took the struggle to London. -Slow progress -WWII began with Kenya still a British colony.

Nigeria West Coast of Africa Rubber, Oil, Tin Natives paid heavy taxes Strict labor laws British suppress protest with violence against women Nigerians adopt non-violent methods

Nnamdi Azikiwi West African Pilot wrote articles in favor of independence