Ch 13. Adjective and Adjective Clauses 2 정샘 영어 Academy Understanding and Using English Grammar

정샘 영어 Academy 2 Context Clauses & Sentences Conjunctions Adjective Clauses: Introduction Adjective Clause Pronoun used as the Subject Adjective Clause Pronoun used as the Object of a verb Adjective Clause Pronoun used as the Object of a preposition Using Whose Using Where Using When Using Why Using Adjective clauses to modify pronouns Punctuation of Adjective clauses Using Expression of Quantity in Adjective clauses Using noun + of which Separating a Noun from its Relative Pronoun Using Which to modify a whole sentence Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase Adjectives Clauses Leading the Sentences Appendix1: Summary of ‘-ing’ form Appendix2: Summary of Particles

정샘 영어 Academy 3 절 (Clause): 주어와 동사가 포함된 단어의 그룹을 의미하며, 문장 (Sentence) 의 한 부분으로 존재하거나 하 나의 독립된 문장으로 존재한다. 절의 종류 : - 독립절 (Main clause (independent clause)): sentence 내에 독립적으로 존재할 수 있는 절 - 종속절 (Subordinating clause (dependent clause)): sentence 내에 독립적으로 존재하지 못하고 종속접속사 에 이끌려 독립절을 보조하는 역할을 하는 절. 독립절 She played tennis. // 문장 = 독립절 She played tennis and I listened to music. // 문장 = 독립절 +and+ 독립절 I wrote the essay very well but my teacher made many changes on it. // 독립절 +but+ 독립절 종속절 I don’t know what I should do. // 명사절 I don’t know if she will come. // 명사절 The book that Anna gave me is on the desk. // 형용사절 I bough a new car which was advertised on sale. // 형용사절 Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. // 부사절 If it rains, I will take my umbrella. // 부사절 1. Clauses & Sentences

정샘 영어 Academy 4 Sentenc e( 문장 ) 이란 ? 주어와 동사가 포함된 단어들의 조합이 문법적으로 하자 없이 완성된 경우. - 모든 문장에는 주어와 동사가 반드시 존재 ( 명령문제외 ) - 한 문장에는 하나의 주어 ( 명사구, 명사절 ) 와 하나의 동사 ( 구 ) 만 존재해야 함. 문장의 종류 : 1) 단문 (Simple clause): sentence = clause 2) 중문 (Compound clause): sentence= clause+ 등위접속사 + clause 3) 복문 (Complex clause): sentence = clause + 종속접속사 + clause 4) 혼문 : 한 문장에 중문과 복문이 같이 존재 접속사 (Conjunction): - 절을 문장으로 연결하 여 의미상 2 개의 절이 서로 연관되게 만들어 주는 단어들 - 문장에서 같은 기능을 하는 단어나 구를 연결 하는 단어 접속사의 종류 : - Coordinating Conjunction - Subordinating Conjunction 예)예) 단문 : She played tennis. // 독립절 = 문장 중문 : She played tennis and I listened to music. 복문 : I think that you need to study English hard to pass the exam. 혼문 : Because the phone survey was performed by a unknown small company and the target of the survey was limited to only one province, we cannot trust the accuracy of the data obtained from the survey. 1. Clauses & Sentences (Cont.)

정샘 영어 Academy 5 2. Conjunctions( 접속사 ): Introduction 1. Coordinating Conjunction: We brought the food and they supplied the drink. (addition) She was poor but she was honest. (contrast) We can go swimming, or we could stay here. (alternative) People disliked her because she was so rude. (cause) 등위접속사 (coordinate conjunctions) : and, or, for, but, so 같이 단어, 구, 절을 동등한 자격 으로 연결하는 단 어 2. Subordinating Conjunction: I'll call you tomorrow.// 부사 I'll call you when I arrive.// 부사절 He told me a lie.// 명사 - 목적어 He told me that he loved me.// 명사절 - 목적어 역할 It's an unanswerable question.// 형용사 It's a question which nobody can answer.// 형용사절 종속접속사 (subordinate conjunctions): who, whom, when, where, which, that, as, because 같이 문 장내에서 종속절 을 주절에 연결하 는 단어

정샘 영어 Academy 6 3. Adjective Clauses: Introduction Adjective 절 이란 ?  종속절의 하나로 명사를 수식하는 절  Adjective clause 는 중복된 명사를 대신한다.  관계대명사를 사용해서 형용사절을 이끈다. (relative clauses) 명사수식의 의미 : Describe, identify, give further information about the noun PronounTarget of Replacing Thatthings / people / place / time Whichthings / place / time Whopeople Whompeople Whoseusually people Whereplace Whentime 형용사절을 이끄는 관 계대명사의 종류

정샘 영어 Academy 7 4. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used As a Subject o 대체하려는 중복된 단어가 주어 역할을 할때 : “ 관계대명사 + verb” I bought a book. The book had been advertised at a reduced price.  I bought a book that had been advertised at a reduced price (O)  I bought a book which had been advertised at a reduced price (O) // 사물 o o 관계사 That 은 선행사 가 아래와 같은 부정칭 대명사이거나 modifier 가 있을때 주로사용. - all, - everything, - something, - any(thing), - no(thing), - none, little, few, much, only, - 최상급 (superlatives) I met a man on the street. The man is the owner of a nail shop.  I met a man who is the owner of a nail shop on the street. (O)  I met a man that is the owner of a nail shop on the street. (O) // 사람 The man is angry.The man is in the floor.  The man who is angry is in the floor. (O)  The man who is in the floor is angry. (O) Is this all that's left? // all which is left? 보다 훨씬 더 자연스러운 표현 Have you got anything that belongs to me? The only thing that matters is to find our way home. I hope the little that I've done has been useful. It's the best film that's ever been made about madness. // 최상급 +that All that you say is certainly true. (O) // All what you say... (X)

정샘 영어 Academy 8 This is the book.I bought the book at the bookstore.  This is the book that I bought at the bookstore. (O) o 대체하려는 중복된 단어가 목적어 역할을 할때 : “ 관계대명사 + subject + verb” The man is angry.I don’t like him.  The man whom I don’t like is angry. (O)  This is the book which I bought at the bookstore. (O)  The man that I don’t like is angry. (O)  This is the book Ø I bought at the bookstore. (O) // Object pronoun 은 생략 가능  The man Ø I don’t like is angry. (O) // Object pronoun 은 생략 가능 … who + verb … whom + S + V 5. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used As a Object

정샘 영어 Academy 9 6. Adjective Clause Pronouns Used As the Object of a Preposition o 관계사가 전치사의 목적어로 사용되는 경우 : “ 전치사 + 관계사 + 주어 + 동사 ” The man is angry.The lady is talking to the man.  The man whom the lady is talking to is angry. (O)  The man to whom the lady is talking Ø is angry. (O)  The man that the lady is talking to is angry. (O) // 전치사가 생략되면 안됨  The man to that the lady is talking Ø is angry. (X) // 전치사는 관계사 that 앞에 올 수 없음  The man Ø the lady is talking to is angry. (O) // 관계사가 목적격일때 생략 가능 o Pronoun 이 전치 사의 목적어로 사 용되는 경우 : 전치 사 +pronoun+ 주어 + 동사 She is the woman. I told you about her.  She is the woman about whom I told you. (O)  She is the woman who(m) I told you about. (O)  She is the woman that I told you about. (O)  She is the woman Ø I told you about. (O) // 관계사가 목적격일때 생략 가능 o 전치사가 object pronoun 앞에 나 오면 which 와 whom 만사용가능 The music was good.We listened to it last night.  The music to which we listened last night was good. (O)  The music which we listened to last night was good. (O)  The music that we listened to last night was good. (O)  The music Ø we listened to last night was good. (O)  The music to that we listened last night was good. (X) // 전치사는 관계사 that 앞에 올 수 없음 He's married to a singer. You may have heard of her.  He's married to a singer of whom you may have heard. (O)  He's married to a singer whom you may have heard of. (O)  He's married to a singer that you may have heard of. (O) of whom 은 that…of 로 변경 가능

정샘 영어 Academy Using Whose I Know Jim.Jim’s father is a CEO of a company  I know Jim whose father is a CEO of a company. (O) o 대체하려는 중복된 단어가 주어이면서 소유격일 경우 : whose + noun (whose 의 complement) + verb I apologized to the woman.I spilled her coffee.  I apologized to the woman whose coffee I spilled. I found my lost cat.The cat’s leg was broken.  I found my lost cat whose leg was broken. (O) They were very kind.I stayed at the family’s house.  The family at whose house I stayed were very kind. (O)  The family whose house I stayed at were very kind. (O) I need to call him.I accidentally broke his car.  I need to call him whose car I accidentally broke. o 대체하려는 중복된 단어가 목적어이면서 소유격일 경우 : whose + noun (whose 의 complement) + S + verb

정샘 영어 Academy Using Where The building is very old. He lives there. (in that building)  The building where he lives is very old.  The building in which he lives is very old.  The building which he lives in is very old.  The building that he lives in is very old.  The building Ø he lives in is very old. Where 는 장소 (place: city, country, room, house, etc) 를 수식 Where = in which The city was beautiful. We spent our vacation there. ( in that city)  The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful.  The city in which we spent our vacation was beautiful.  The city which we spent our vacation in was beautiful.  The city that we spent our vacation in was beautiful.  The city Ø we spent our vacation in was beautiful. I'm looking for a place to live Ø. // to 부정사가 수식하는 경우, 전치사 생략 가능. Informal = I'm looking for a place to live in. (O) = I'm looking for a place in which to live. (O) = I'm looking for a place which to live in. (O) = I'm looking for a place where to live. (X) // where 는 to 부정사와 함께 선행사 수식안함 = I'm looking for a place where I can live. (O) Have you got somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 주의 : 선행사가 somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, place 인 경우, which 대신 that 을 선호. 선행사가 place 이고 to 부정사가 수식하는 경우 전치사 생략가능 참고 : in that 은 animal 을 수식하는 “ 전치사 + 관계대 명사 ” 가 아니라, because 와 의미가 유사한 부사절 Men differ from animals in that they can think and speak. 인간은 말하고 생각할 수 있다는 점에서 짐승과 다르다.

정샘 영어 Academy Using When I’ll never forget the day. I met you then. (on that day)  I’ll never forget the day when I met you. (O)  I’ll never forget the day on whichI met you. (O)  I’ll never forget the day whichI met you on. (X)  I’ll never forget the day that I met you. (O)  I’ll never forget the day that I met you on. (X)  I’ll never forget the day Ø I met you. (O) When 는 시간 (year, day, time, century, etc) 를 수식 When = on (in,at) which 시간의 형용사절에서 전치 사는 which 와 떨어져서 사용 할 수 없음 is the year. The revolution took place then. (in that year)  1960 is the year when the revolution took place.  1960 is the year in whichthe revolution took place.  1960 is the year whichthe revolution took place in. (X)  1960 is the year that the revolution took place.  1960 is the year that the revolution took place in. (X)  1960 is the year Ø the revolution took place.

정샘 영어 Academy Using Why Do you know the reason why she doesn't like me? = Do you know the reason for which she doesn’t like me? = Do you know the reason that she doesn’t like me?// = Do you know the reason Ø she doesn’t like me? // informal Why 는 선행사로 이유 (reason) 를 수식 Why = for which

정샘 영어 Academy Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns There is someone whom I want to introduce you. = There is someone Ø I want to introduce you. // 목적격 : 생략가능 Everything he said was nonsense. = Everything that he said was nonsense. // that 이 which 보다 훨씬 더 자연스러음 = Everything which he said was nonsense. = Everything what he said was nonsense. (X) // what = the thing(s) which = What he said was nonsense. (O) = The things which he said was nonsense. (O) Anybody who want to come is welcome. //who 이하가 주격 : 생략불가 Anybody want to come is welcome. (X) 형용사절로 부정대명사 (someone, eyerything, anybody,…) 를 수식하는 경우 목 적격관계대명사 (whom, which, that) 는 생략가능. 그러나 관계대명사가 주격일 경 우 관계대명사 생략불가능. Jane was the only one I knew at the party.  Jane was the only one (whom) I knew at the party. Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance. = Scholarships are available for anyone who need financial assistance. 형용사절로 The one 과 those 도 수식가능 Those = anyone I who am a student come from Korea. (X) It is I who am responsible. (O) //very formal and rare He who laugh last laughs best. (O) // 관용적 표현 형용사절은 일반적으로 주격대 명사 (I,you,he/she,we,they) 를 수 식하지 않는다. 그러나 관용적으 로 사용되는 경우는 있다. We sometime fear that which we do not understand. The bread my mom makes is better than that which you can buy at a store. 형용사절로 지시대명사 that 도 수식 가능

정샘 영어 Academy Punctuation of Adjective Clauses The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer. // 그교수가 누군지 모르기때문에 형용사절은 꼭 필요. Mrs. Smith, who is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital. // Mrs. Smith 가 누구인지 알고있고 형용사절은 다만 부가적인 정보를 제공 형용사절에는 2 종류가 있음. 1) Restrictive clauses: 특정한 구체적인 대상 (which person, which thing) 을 지칭하기 위해 사용. 이 경우 comma(,) 가 없이 사용하며, 수식하는 명사를 위 해 꼭 필요한 절 2) Nonrestrictive clauses: 이미 인식하고 있는 대상을 지칭. 이 경우 comma(,) 가 있어야 하며, 수식하는 명사에 부가적인 내 용을 전달 Students in class 3-2 who want to play soccer get out of the classroom and run into the play ground. // 3-2 반 모든 학생들 중 축구하기를 원하는 학생만 Students in class 3-2, who want to play soccer, get out of the classroom and run into the play ground. // 3-2 반 모든 학생이 축구하기를 원한다는 의미 The man whom I met teaches Chemistry 101. (O) The man that I met teaches Chemistry 101. (O) The man Ø I met teaches Chemistry 101. (O) Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (O) Mr. Lee, that I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (X) Mr. Lee, Ø I met yesterday, teaches chemistry. (X) Comma 가 없으면 관계사도 생 략가능하고 that 도 사용가능 Comma 가 있으면 관계대명사 생략불가능하고 that 도 사용불 가능 She passed the letter to Jim, who passed it on to me. =... and he passed it on... I dropped the saucepan, which knocked over the eggs, which went all over the floor. =... and it knocked... and they went... Nonrestrictive clause 는 접속 사 and 와 같은 의미를 같는다.

정샘 영어 Academy Using Expression of Quantity in Adjective Clauses There are 15 students in my class. Most of them are from Asia.  There are 15 students in my class, most of whom are from Asia. He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.  He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid. The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems was poor study habit.  The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habit. 형용사절에서 expression of quantity 를 하기위해 of 를 사용 : Some of, many of, most of, none of, two of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, several of, a few of, little of, a number of 형용사절에서 expression of quantity 는 대명사 (whom, which, whose) 앞에 위치 형용사절에서 expression of quantity 는 사용하기 위해 comma 사용

정샘 영어 Academy Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence 대명사 this, that 은 문장 전체를 수식할 수 있으며, which 가 이끄는 형용사절도 전체 문 장을 수식할 수 있음 comma 와 함께 문장전체 수식 Jane was late. That surprised me. // that 은 앞 문장 전체를 수식 = Jane was late, which surprised me. // which 도 앞 문장 전체를 수식, informal = Jane was late, that surprised me. (X) // comma 와 함께 that 절을 사용 못함. My mom is sick. That is too bad.  My mom is sick, which is too bad. // which 절이 앞 문장 전체를 수식하는 경우는 주 로 회화에서 한박자 쉬기 위해서

정샘 영어 Academy Using Noun + of which Noun + of which = whose + noun Noun + of whom = noun + that + … + of We have an antique table. The top of it has gold inlay.  We have an antique table, the top of which has gold inlay.  We have an antique table whose top has gold inlay. My country is dependent upon its income from coffee. The price of coffee varies according to fluctuations in the world market.  My country is dependent upon its income from coffee, the price of which varies according to fluctuations in the world market.  My country is dependent upon its income from coffee, whose price varies according to fluctuations in the world market. Noun + of which = whose + Noun 와 같은 표현이나, Noun + of which 표현에는 comma 가 사용됨 He's married to a singer. You may have heard of her.  He's married to a singer of whom you may have heard.  He's married to a singer that you may have heard of

정샘 영어 Academy Separating a Noun from its Relative Pronoun I called Mrs. Spencer, the Manager's secretary, who did our accounts. 수식구는 형용사절과 수 식하는 명사 사이에 와서 명사와 형용사절을 떨어 트려 놓을 수 있다.

정샘 영어 Academy Reducing of Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction 형용사구는 형용사절의 줄어든 표현으로 명사를 수식 형용사절이 구로 변할때 ( 주격 관계사절에서만 (Who, Which, That 절 ) 단축가능  관계대명사 + be + PP( 수동태 )/ing( 진행형 ): 관계대명사,be 동사 둘 다 생략 후 PP,ing 형은 그대로  관계대명사 + be + 형용사 / 전치사구 : 관계대명사,be 동사 둘 다 생략 후 형용사 / 전치사구는 그대로  관계대명사 + 일반동사 : 관계대명사 생략, 일반동사는 현재분사 (ing 폼 ) 으로 변경 현재분사형은 ( 동사 + ing) 수식하는 Noun 이 어떤 Action 을 발생시키는 원인 또는 주체 ( 능동, 진행의 의미 ) 과거분사형은 ( 동사 + ed/en) 수식하는 Noun 이 어떤 발생된 Action 의 결과이거나 Action 의 대상 을 의미 ( 상태적인 의미 ) I saw a bird. The bird was singing.  I saw a bird who was singing. (O)  I saw a bird Ø Ø singing. (O)  I saw a singing bird. The girl who is sitting next to me is Anna.  The girl Ø Ø sitting next to me is Anna. The boy whom I saw was Jim. // 목적격  None British government had secret UFO files. The files were opened to public.  British government has secret UFO files which were opened to public.  British government has secret UFO files Ø Ø opened to public. (O)  I read the opened UFO files.

정샘 영어 Academy 21 The man who is talking to Jim is from Korea.  The man Ø Ø talking to Jim is from Korea. 관계사 +be +ing ( 진행형 ) The idea was very impressive. The idea was suggested in the meeting.  The idea which was suggested in the meeting was very impressive.  The idea Ø Ø suggested in the meeting was very impressive 관계사 +be +PP 경우 ( 수동태 ) Jane is the one who is responsible for preparing the meeting  Jane is the one Ø Ø responsible for the preparing the meeting. 관계사 +be + 형용사 The books that are on the desk are mine.  The book Ø Ø on the desk are mine. 관계사 +be+ 전치사구 English has an alphabet. It consists of 26 letters. // 자동사  English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. (O)  English has an alphabet Ø consisting of 26 letters. (O) Anyone will be welcomed. They want to come.  Anyone who wants to come will be welcomed.  Anyone Ø wanting to come will be welcomed. The people are getting wet. They are waiting for the bus.  The people who are waiting for the bus are getting wet.  The people Ø Ø waiting for the bus are getting wet. 관계사 + 일반동사 16. Reducing an Adjective Clauses to an Adjective Phrase (cont.)

정샘 영어 Academy Reducing an Adjective Clauses to an Adjective Phrase (cont..) we attended a meeting. The meeting bores the attendants.  We attended a meeting which bores the attendants.  We attended a meeting Ø boring the attendants.  It’s a boring meeting. // meeting 이 boring 하게 하는 주체  The bored attendants got sleepy. // boring 의 결과로 bored 됨 분사구문의 의미 : 현재분사구문 : 수식받는 명 사가 행위의 주체를 의미 과거분사구문 : 수식받는 명 사가 행위의 대상또는 그 결과임을 의미 We watched a soccer game. The soccer game excited us.  We watched a soccer game which excited us.  We watched a soccer game Ø exciting us. It’s an exciting soccer game. We were all excited. The excited crowds shouted loudly. 현재분사는 수식하는 명 사가 원인 ( 행위 ) 을 일으키 는 주체이고, 과거분사는 수식하는 명사가 원인의 결 과 ( 대상 ) 임을 의미

정샘 영어 Academy Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase (Cont...) (A) I saw my friend run down the street. (O) // 동사 : simple form of run (B) I saw my friend running down the street. (O) // 형용사구 ( 분사구문 ) = I saw my friend while she was running down the street. 이라는 의미 (C) I saw my friend to run down the street. (X) // perception verb( 지각동사 )+ 동사원형 일반적으로 –ing 폼 은 진행 (while) 이라 는 의미가 내포되어 있음. (D) I heard a popular singer sing on the street. (O) (E) When I walked into the building, I heard a man singing on the street. (O) (D) 는 그 가수가 노 래하는 것을 처음부 터 끝까지 보왔왓다 라는 의미 (E) 는 내가 들었을 때 그 가수가 노래하 고 있었다라는 의미 ( 또는 그 가수가 노 래하고 있었을때 내 가 들었다라는 의미 )

정샘 영어 Academy Adjective Clauses Leading the Sentence Christmas Island, which was discovered by James Cook, was once populated by many birds species. = Christmas Island, Ø Ø discovered by James Cook, was once populated by many birds species. = Ø Ø discovered by James Cook, Christmas Island was once populated by many birds species. 형용사절은 강조하 기 위해 축약 후 문 두에 올 수 있음. Scree, which abounds in the Rocky Mountains, has its origin in the ice ages. = Scree, Ø abounding in the Rocky Mountains, has its origin in the ice ages. = Ø Abounding in the Rocky Mountains, Scree has its origin in the ice ages.

정샘 영어 Academy 25 Appendix1. Summary of “-ing” forms 1. 분사 Participles 동사역할 (progressive) I am reading a book. She is watching TV. 분사란 ? 동사라부터 파생된 단어라는 뜻이며, 여기에는 현재분사 (present participle), 과거분사 (past participle) 두종류가 있다. - 현재분사 : 단어끝이 -ing - 과거분사 : 단어끝이 –ed 현재분사 (ing 형 ) 는 수식하 는 명사가 원인 ( 행위 ) 을 일 으키는 주체임을 의미 과거분사 (-ed) 는 수식하 는 명사가 원인 ( 행위 ) 의 결 과임을 의미 형용사역할명사를 앞에서 수식 I watched a soccer game. It’s an exciting game. I broke the window. The window is broken now. It’s a broken window. 명사를 뒤에서 수식 People needing some money often sell their blood. I saw Jim running down the road. The idea presented in the meeting was good. 분사구문 Walking down the street, I met my old friend. = while I was walking down the street, // 부사절  부사구 2. 동명사 : 명사역할 주어역할 Smoking is bad for you. 동명사 :Waiting room 분사 : Waiting train 동명사 :Sleeping pill 분사 : Sleeping baby 동명사 : Working condition 분사 : Working man 명사형용사 역할 I ate a cheese cake. // 명사로 cake 를 수식하는 형용사역할 I have one sleeping bag. // bag 을 수식하는 형용사역할 ( 동사, 전치사, 형용사의 ) 목 적어역할 I stop smoking. // 동사의 목적어 She is good at bargaining. // 전치사 at 의 목적어 보어역할 1) 주격보어 : My favorite activity is reading. 2) 목적격보어 : He spends all his time gambling.

정샘 영어 Academy 26 Appendix 2. Summary of Particles 사람수식사물수식 의미 타동사 -Ing Washing woman (~ 을 씻고있는, 씻는 여자 ) Exciting game (~ 를 흥분시키는, 흥분하게 만드는 경기 ) 수식받는 명사가 행위의 주체 -ed Excited people (~ 에 의해 흥분된,~ 에 흥분한 군중 ) Washed car ( 씻김을 당한, 씻겨진, 세차된 차 ) 수식받는 명사가 행위의 대상 자동사 -ingEscaping prisoner ( 도망중인 죄수 ) Falling leaf ( 떨어지고 있는 잎 ) 진행의 의미 -edEscaped prisoner ( 탈출한 죄수 ) Fallen leaf ( 떨어진 잎, 낙엽 ) 상태의 의미