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Epic Poetry In context: ( ) Anglo Saxon—Alliteration and Caesura ( ) Middle English—Rhyme and Ballads ( ) Renaissance ( ) Renaissance ( ) Neoclassicism ( ish) Romantic Poetry 20 th Century BCE - Present

Conventions of Epic Poetry It is a long narrative about a serious or worthy traditional subject. It is a long narrative about a serious or worthy traditional subject. Its diction is elevated in style. It employs a formal, dignified, objective tone and many figures of speech. Its diction is elevated in style. It employs a formal, dignified, objective tone and many figures of speech. The narrative focuses on the exploits of an epic hero The narrative focuses on the exploits of an epic hero Setting is vast and usually in the distant past; it covers a wide geographic area. Setting is vast and usually in the distant past; it covers a wide geographic area. Gods or supernatural beings affect the outcome. Gods or supernatural beings affect the outcome. The main protagonist undergoes a terrifying journey-- sometimes a descent into the underworld. The main protagonist undergoes a terrifying journey-- sometimes a descent into the underworld.

Epic Hero hero or demigod hero or demigod Represents the cultural values of a race, nation, or religious group. Represents the cultural values of a race, nation, or religious group. His success or failure determines the fate of an entire people or nation. His success or failure determines the fate of an entire people or nation. He completes superhuman feats of strength or military prowess. He completes superhuman feats of strength or military prowess.

Poetic Devices Begins with the invocation of a muse to inspire the poet and mentions of the theme Begins with the invocation of a muse to inspire the poet and mentions of the theme Starts in medias res, in the middle of the action. Starts in medias res, in the middle of the action. Contains long catalogs of heroes or important characters Contains long catalogs of heroes or important characters The epic employs extended similes (called epic similes) The epic employs extended similes (called epic similes)

Origins of the Epic

Epics By Year 20th to 10th century BC: Epic of Gilgamesh (Mesopotamian mythology) 8th century BC to 3rd century AD: Mahābhārata, ascribed to Veda Vyasa (Indian mythology) Ramayana, ascribed to Valmiki (Indian mythology) 8th to 6th century BC: Iliad, ascribed to Homer (Greek mythology) Odyssey, ascribed to Homer (Greek mythology) 1st century BC: Aeneid by Virgil (Roman mythology) 1st century AD: Metamorphoses by Ovid (Greek and Roman mythology)

Medieval epics (500–1500) 8th to 10th century Beowulf (Old English) Poetic Edda (no particular authorship; oral tradition of the North Germanic peoples) 12th century The Song of Roland (Old French) 13th century Das Nibelungenlied (Middle High German) Epic of Sundiata 14th century Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri

Modern epics (from 1500) 16th century The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser (1596) 17th century Paradise Lost (1667) and Paradise Regained (1671) by John Milton 18th century Hermann and Dorothea by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1797) 19th century Song of Myself by Walt Whitman (1855) Idylls of the King by Alfred Lord Tennyson (c. 1874) 20th century The Ballad of the White Horse by G. K. Chesterton (1911) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (composed , published 2009) and The Fall of Arthur (composed c , published 2013) by J. R. R. Tolkien 21st century Sribhargavaraghaviyam (2002), Ashtavakra (2009) and Gitaramayanam ( , published in 2011) by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya

Lyric Poetry In context: ( ) Anglo Saxon—Alliteration and Caesura ( ) Middle English—Rhyme and Ballads ( ) Renaissance ( ) Renaissance ( ) Neoclassicism ( ish) Romantic Poetry 7 th Century BCE - Present

Conventions of Lyric Poetry Short in length Expresses personal thoughts and emotions Often in first person Lacks plot and character Language is musical In its origins in Ancient Greece it was accompanied by a lyre. In its origins in Ancient Greece it was accompanied by a lyre.

Lyric Poetry in Antiquity Greece: Greece: Sappho and the Nine Cannon Lyrical Poets Sappho and the Nine Cannon Lyrical Poets Rome: Rome: Catullus (84-54BCE) Catullus (84-54BCE) Horace (65-8BCE) Horace (65-8BCE) China China Qu Yuan and Song Yu collected Songs of Chu Qu Yuan and Song Yu collected Songs of Chu

Medieval Lyric poetry Persia Persia Ghazal -couplets that share a rhyme and a refrain Ghazal -couplets that share a rhyme and a refrain India India A bhajan or kirtan- simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the Divine. A bhajan or kirtan- simple songs in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the Divine. Europe Europe Troubadours/trouvère Troubadours/trouvère Minnesang Minnesang Sonnets Sonnets

16 th -19 th Century 16 th 16 th Edmund Spender, Shakespeare, Campion Edmund Spender, Shakespeare, Campion 17 th 17 th John Donne, Andrew Marcell, Ben Jonson, Joh Milton, John Donne, Andrew Marcell, Ben Jonson, Joh Milton, 18 th 18 th Robert Burns, Goethe, Thomas Gray, William Cowper Robert Burns, Goethe, Thomas Gray, William Cowper 19 th 19 th Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Btron, Tennyson, Rossetti, Pushkin, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Btron, Tennyson, Rossetti, Pushkin,

20 th Century English: English: AE Housman, Yeats, Sasson and Owen, Plath, Thomas, Graves AE Housman, Yeats, Sasson and Owen, Plath, Thomas, Graves American: American: Dickenson, cummings, Frost, Hughes Dickenson, cummings, Frost, Hughes

Examples Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden Sundays too my father got up early and put his clothes on in the blueblack cold, then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather made banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. I'd wake and hear the cold splintering, breaking. When the rooms were warm, he'd call, and slowly I would rise and dress, fearing the chronic angers of that house, Speaking indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold and polished my good shoes as well. What did I know, what did I know of love's austere and lonely offices?

When You Are Old by William Butler Yeats When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars. A Noiseless Patient Spider by Walt Whitman A noiseless patient spider, I mark'd where on a little promontory it stood isolated, Mark'd how to explore the vacant vast surrounding, It launch'd forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself, Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them. And you O my soul where you stand, Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space, Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking the spheres to connect them, Till the bridge you will need be form'd, till the ductile anchor hold, Till the gossamer thread you fling catch somewhere, O my soul.

Music When Soft Voices Die (To —) by Percy Bysshe Shelley Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory— Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the sense they quicken. Rose leaves, when the rose is dead, Are heaped for the belovèd's bed; And so thy thoughts, when thou art gone, Love itself shall slumber on. Song by Christina Rossetti When I am dead, my dearest, Sing no sad songs for me; Plant thou no roses at my head, Nor shady cypress tree: Be the green grass above me With showers and dewdrops wet; And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget. I shall not see the shadows, I shall not feel the rain; I shall not hear the nightingale Sing on, as if in pain: And dreaming through the twilight That doth not rise nor set, Haply I may remember, And haply may forget.