Chapter 13 Section 1&2 Cultures Clash on the Prairie and Settling on the Great Plains

Indians on the Great Plains Indians gain horses and guns  ability to travel and hunt/defend themselves Tribes would fight each other over land and buffalo Buffalo was used for clothes, shoes, food, and shelter Indians felt land could not be owned, whites felt otherwise

White Settlers Move West Silver and Gold drove people to move out west RR expansion begins to restrict Native Americans as well US had provided the Great Plains entirely for the Native Americans In the 1850’s they withdrew the previous agreement and began to expand out west Instead of one large areas boundaries were designated

Massacre at Sand Creek 1864 most of the Cheyenne thought they were under government protection They returned to CO Sand Creek reservation for the winter An General Curtis told Col. Chivington to make the Indians suffer Chivington and army attacked them (200 warriors and 500 women and children) 150 died

Death on the Bozeman Trail Bozeman trail ran through the Sioux land in the Bighorn Mtns. Their Chief Red Cloud had asked the government to stop settlers from moving west A warrior Crazy Horse ambushed a Cpt. William J. Fetterman and company at Lodge Trail Ridge 80+ soldiers killed Called the Battle of Hundred Slain/ Fetterman Massacre Government closes the Bozeman Trail Treaty of Fort Laramie signed Sioux agreed to live on the reservation along the Missouri River Sitting Bull never signed it but Olga and Brule Sioux did

Custer’s Last Stand The treaty was only temporary War and bloodshed continues George A. Custer had reported their was gold in the Black Hills of the Sioux Colonel Custer reach Little Bighorn River where the Sioux were waiting Sioux and Cheyenne v Col. Custer and army Within an hour Custer and his men were dead Short lived battle, the Chief surrenders

Assimilation Assimilation: Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and be apart of the white culture Congress passes the Dawes Act of 1887 – Breaks up reservations giving it to individual Native Americans – The land left over was given to white settlers – =yfRHqWCz3Zw =yfRHqWCz3Zw – =GN1PrNl6h8c =GN1PrNl6h8c

The Battle of Wounded Knee--stop Sioux were suffering with poverty and disease A prophet told them if they preformed a “Ghost Dance” everything would be better The Ghost Dance Movement began to scare white settlers so the government acts 2M 2M 350 Sioux were taken and demanded to give up their weapons A shot was fired unknown from which side 300 Native Americans are killed Ends the Native American fight

Cowboys New land now open Cowboys became popular with a new ranching business Americans learn how to herd large groups of cattle from the Mexicans They herded from Texas to Kansas American cowboy was influenced by the Mexican vaquero

The Life of a Cowboy They worked from hrs Were around the age of 15 years old and retired around 40 years old They owned their own equipment but not their own horse Work season starts in the spring Lasts about 3 months 1 cowboy per 250 cows Dangerous

The Life of a Cowboy They wore spurs, chaps, ate jerky, rode a bronco Cowboy words originate from Spanish words Chaperreras=chaps Bronco Caballo= Bronco Rancho= Ranch Corral and Rodeo also come from Spanish origin Cowboys not in great demand until RR Demand for beef increases after Civil War

New Trade Routes Moving cattle was destroying land Cattle dealers decide to create a trail specifically for t=moving cattle Called the Chisolm Trail, went from San Antonio TX, to KS

The End of the Open Range Ranching ends because of: Overgrazing of land Extended bad weather Invention of barbed wire

Railroads Open out West the government expanded the RR 170 acres Transcontinental RR created Union Pacific+ Central Pacific meet in Utah

Settling Out West Homestead Act: offers 160 acres of land free to anyone About 600,000 families take advantage of this Many who took advantage of this were exodusters (African Americans who moved away from the Reconstruction South) Businessmen and government were also taking advantage of gaining land Another land giveaway occurred in current day OK as well

Closing the Frontier Land is decreasing The need to protect land and wilderness arises Yellowstone National Park created in 1872 By 1880 there was 19 million acres of government owned land The Frontier was disappearing, the U.S. was no longer unique

Challenges on the Plains Settlers faced droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust, plagues, and raids NO trees, so settlers dug houses out of hills, known as a sod home (soddy) Women worked with the men in the fields, sheared sheep, hauled water

New Farming Inventions The Reapers is created by Cyrus McCormick John Deere creates the steel plow Inventions made grain available on a wider market Morill Act of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to states to create agricultural colleges w-the-states-got-their- shapes/videos/how-the-states-got- their-shapes-is-west-best w-the-states-got-their- shapes/videos/how-the-states-got- their-shapes-is-west-best