JOURNAL Place each country below in one of the alliance systems of World War II USSR, Italy, Hungary, USA, Britain, Greece, Bulgaria, France, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Romania, Denmark, Netherlands, New Zealand, Germany, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Japan, Yugoslavia Allied PowersAxis Powers

World War II

Legacy of Treaty of Versailles Instead of securing a just and secure peace it caused anger and resentment The blame for the war and the loss of overseas colonies and border territories overwhelmed the new German government Without democratic traditions, people turned to authoritarian leaders

Nationalism Peace after WWI was short lasting Economic depression led to the rise of powerful dictators who promised dreams of territorial expansion

Totalitarian Government exerts complete control over its citizens Individuals have no rights and the government suppresses all opposition

Stalin & the Soviet Union Officially became communist in 1922 Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin took control Goals - agricultural and industrial growth Abolished all privately owned farms and established collective (government owned) farms

Spain General Francisco Franco rebelled against the Spanish republic The Spanish Civil War broke out and resulted in Franco’s victory Spain became a totalitarian government ruled by a fascist dictator

Fascism Stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals Power must rest with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members

Mussolini & Italy Rising unemployment and inflation caused strikes in Italy Middle and upper classes demanded leadership Benito Mussolini appealed to national pride

Japan Nationalistic military leaders took control of the imperial government of JapanNationalistic military leaders took control of the imperial government of Japan Japan invaded and brutalized Manchuria and China, seeking military and economic domination over Asia.Japan invaded and brutalized Manchuria and China, seeking military and economic domination over Asia. U.S. refused to recognize Japanese conquests Imposed an embargo on exports of oil and steel Tensions rose both countries tried to avoid war.

Nazism German brand of fascism Based on extreme nationalism (pride or loyalty in ones country)

Hitler & Germany Calling himself Der Fuhrer (the Leader) Hitler promised to bring Germany out of the chaos Dreamed of uniting all Germany speaking people in a great German empire Enforce racial purification at home and territorial expansion to allow growth

Germany & Hitler World War II began with Hitler ’ s invasion of Poland in 1939, followed shortly after by the Soviet Union ’ s invasion of Poland from the east and the Baltic countries.

The U.S. Position The U.S. stayed officially NEUTRAL Germany overran France, most of Europe, and pounded Britain from the air (the Battle of Britain). In mid-1941, Hitler turned on his former partner and invaded the Soviet Union.

Neutrality Adapts The U.S. increasingly provided aid to Britain –war supplies and old naval warships –The U.S. received military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. The Lend-Lease Act - gave the President authority to sell or lend equipment to countries to defend themselves against the Axis powers. Franklin Roosevelt compared it to “ lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire. ”

The U.S. & Japan While negotiating with the U.S. and without any warning, Japan carried out an air attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, Destroyed much of the American Pacific fleet, killing several thousand Americans. Roosevelt called it “ a date that will live in infamy ” as he asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

Pearl Harbor Video

JOURNAL Summarize the major events at the beginning of WWII (use your notes!!) Legacy of Treaty of Versailles Causes of WWII US Position at the beginning US Enters WWII

Legacy of Treaty of Versailles Causes of WWII created anger and resentment German economy overwhelmed by reparation payments Nationalism Totalitarianism Fascism Militarism Nazism DICTATORS!!

US Position at the beginning US Enters WWII NEUTRALITY – refusing to choose sides!! Lend-Lease Program – the U.S. begins to favor the Allies Pearl Harbor – Japanese attack U.S. FDR – “a date that will live in infamy”

speeches/fdrpearlharbor.htm President Roosevelt’s Address to Congress “a date that will live in INFAMY”

Japanese Strategy Following Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded the Philippines and Indonesia and planned to invade both Australia and Hawaii. Theory: America would accept Japanese predominance in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, rather than conduct a bloody and costly war

Aftermath of Pearl Harbor Hitler honored a pact with Japan and declared war on the United States. The U.S. was no longer neutral. World War II was now a true world war and the United States was fully involved.

Allied strategy Allies - Britain, Soviet Union, and U.S. In Europe - –“ Defeat Hitler First ” strategy –most American military resources were targeted for Europe.

Allied strategy In the Pacific – “ island hopping ” campaign –seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan – cut off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping.

Axis strategy Germany hoped to defeat the Soviet Union quickly, gain control of Soviet oil fields Use a bombing and submarine warfare campaign to force Britain out of the war Goal to complete this before America ’ s industrial and military strength could turn the tide.

American soldiers Minority participation African Americans generally served in segregated military units assigned to non-combat roles demanded the right to serve in combat rather than support roles. Mexican Americans also fought, but in units not segregated.

All-Minority military units Tuskegee Airmen (African American) served in Europe with distinction. Nisei regiments (Asian American) earned a high number of decorations. Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and individual medals for bravery in action.

The Windtalkers Communication codes of the Navajo were used (oral, not written language) They were impossible for the Japanese to break

North Africa El Alamein — German forces threatened to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal –Defeated by the British –Defeat prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil supplies and potentially attacking the Soviet Union from the south.

Europe Stalingrad — months-long siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad –Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured –Defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields and turned the tide against Germany in the east.

Europe Normandy (D-Day) — –American and Allied troops under Eisenhower landed in German- occupied France on June 6, –Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the landings succeeded and the liberation of western Europe from Hitler had begun.

Battles of WWII Compare the US military strategy in Europe to the military strategy in the Pacific. Describe the significance of the following battles. –El Alamein –Stalingrad –Normandy (D-Day)

D-Day Video

JOURNAL Genocide – the systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious or cultural group. What genocide is associated with WWII? What do you know about this genocide (provide as much detail as you can!!!) What OTHER genocides have occurred throughout world history?

The Holocaust

What was the Holocaust and who were its victims? Terms to know: Genocide: The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group Final solution: Germany ’ s decision to exterminate all Jews

Holocaust - the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe (more than half were Jews) –Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies –“ Undesirables ” (homosexuals, mentally ill, political dissidents) What was the Holocaust and who were its victims?

Forced Relocation Polish neighborhoods –Ghetto - a city neighborhood in which a certain minority group is pressured or forced to live –Nazis sealed off the ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls

Life in the Ghetto Bodies piled in the streets People were forced to work in factories for German industry Jews formed resistance movements, published underground newspapers, established secret schools

Concentration Camps Prison camp operated by Nazi Germany in which Jews and other groups considered to be enemies of Adolf Hitler were starved while doing slave labor or were murdered Warehouse for undesirables

The Final Stage Mass slaughter Mass starvation Murder by poison gas –Chelmno –Auschwitz –Dauchau –Extermination camps, work camps, children camps, subcamps

Survivors 6 million Jews died in the death camps Survivors believed that one’s spirit was as important as getting enough to eat

“Why We Fight”

The Pacific Theater

The Pacific The “ Miracle of Midway ” –American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force –A Japanese victory at Midway would have enabled Japan to invade Hawaii –American victory ended the Japanese threat to Hawaii –began a series of American victories in the “ island hopping ” campaign

Iwo Jima and Okinawa American invasions of the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa Cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives fought over every square inch of the islands Japanese soldiers and civilians committed suicide rather than surrender.

The Atomic Bomb

Why use the Bomb? Idea of horrendous casualties among both Americans and Japanese if American forces had to invade Japan itself President Harry Truman ordered the use of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force the Japanese to surrender.

Impact of the Bomb Tens of thousands of people were killed in both cities. The Japanese leaders surrendered, avoiding the need for American forces to invade Japan.

Question: Was the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified?

The Nuremburg Trials

JOURNAL Type in the following website: Scroll down to “Content” and click “Island Campaigns” Look through ALL the pictures in this section. Use these images to write a journal entry as if you were a Marine who has just survived the first day of an island invasion. Describe your experience IN DETAIL.

JOURNAL The U.S. dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan. These bombs killed approximately 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki. HALF of these fatalities occurred the day the bombs were dropped. IN YOUR OPINION, why did President Harry Truman choose to use a weapon that caused so much destruction? Do you think his decision was justified?

Witness: Voices of the Holocaust