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BELL RINGER What do you think Philip II could have done differently to prevent the decline of his empire?

Religious Wars & Henry IV Protestant reformation quickly spread to France by in 10 French men and women was a Huguenot – French Calvinist Protestant Many nobles were protestants, so many threatened the Catholic French Monarchy which believed un roi, une loi, une foi “one king, one law, one religion” What challenges did this present to absolute monarchy? TPS

Missing Corner Missing corner – do not look at the picture (leave face down) The purpose is to slow you down as you examine this visual image, looking for details you would not have otherwise noticed Lay your cut out sheet over the image to obscure all but one quarter of the image. In your learning log create 4 corners by drawing a line vertical and horizontal on the page. With your partners list all of the things you notice in the visible quarter of your image in the corresponding quarter of the folded sheet. Do this until all 4 quarters of the image have been examined.

How would you interpret the image now that you have been forced to examine it closely? Be metacognitive about your viewing/answer in your LL 1. What did you see that you think you would not have seen without the missing corner sheet? 2. Which quarter of the image is most important, or are they all equal? 3. Why might the creator have put the information in the specific quarter that he did?

The New King 1562 fighting broke out between Catholics and Huguenots. In 1572 took a horrible turn for the worse Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in Paris Aug. 24, 1572 (Catholic feast day of St. Bartholomew) Wedding between Henry of Navarre, a Protestant nobleman, and Marguerite de Valois, a Catholic Princess. Supposed to calm hostilities Days before Catherine de’ Medici (Queen of France and brides mother) ordered murder of a prominent Protestant leader. It failed so on the morning of the wedding ordered the Massacre of all the Protestants in the city especially those that came for the wedding. Estimated she killed up to 70,000. The Groom escaped death by denying his religion, he was in line to take the throne but would have to fight Catholic troops to win it. Instead converted to Catholicism, Henry IV.

Henry IV Progress What did Henry bring to the table that could help these turbulent times? TPS Background as a Huguenot Issued the Edict of Nantes, gave Huguenots limited freedom of worship, right to hold office, & rule 200 towns where they were already in the majority First document to break the concept of following a monarch’s religion, why would Catholics accept it? Ended the wars still kept Catholicism the official religion of France, plus Edict stated Huguenots still had to financially support the Catholic church. Other things: Focused on fixing war torn country. Eliminated debt and created a surplus. Created new industries, drained swamps, built canals and roads, stimulated trade, encouraged agriculture. Became most respected Monarch in France.

Louis XIII Henry stabbed while in his carriage at a stoplight by a fanatic Catholic only served for 10 years Louis XIII took over at a young age and mother served as regent for many years. When Louis was old enough he was a weak ruler and his chief advisor Cardinal Richelieu was determined to strengthen the monarchy and crush opponents As a lesson to the Huguenots and to win back power Laid siege to protestant cities cut off supplies for 14 months while the citizens literally starved. made all churches Catholic. What signal did he send to Huguenots? Richelieu had nobles publicly executed for treason got involved in the 30 years war (Catholics vs. Protestants) involved France on the side of the Protestants because he disliked the Hapsburg family which led the Catholic side. Both Louis XIII and Richelieu died within one year of each other

Louis XIV Took over from father at young age (4) with mother as regent, Cardinal Mazarin provided advice From a young age taught all the skills of a king  Interviewing foreign ambassadors  Interpreting state papers  Hunting  Dancing Differed from father in that was supremely confident in his ability to rule. When Cardinal Mazarin died when he was 18 stated “ I am the state” and would rule on his own. Chose the sun as his personal symbol. Why? Implied that the world revolved around him. Became known as the Sun King

Absolutism King Louis XIV retained absolute power, beginning the tradition of absolute monarchy in France that would last for a century. Demanded that he be in charge of all military, political, economic initiatives, and religion of his subjects were also under his control. TPS list 3 benefits and negatives to a nation control by absolute monarchy Louis deprived nobles of their influence, which declined further when he built his palace Versailles a few miles outside of Paris. Nobles could gain prestige by becoming servants in the king’s Versailles court instead of fighting or building local influence far from Paris. Louis urged nobles to develop expensive habits dressing, gambling, dining. As nobles grew poorer they depended on Louis more to survive.

Versailles Immense complex of buildings and gardens. Grand spectacle of Louis’ power. Royal family and some 10,000 officials, servants, and nobles lived at Versailles. More of a city than a palace Was a freak about rituals, obsessed with details and order Cost 5% of country’s annual revenue Created resentment among the people Was one of the helps for the revolution later Kept Court safer from Paris crowds Allowed king to keep nobles in check Hall of Mirrors

Facts about Chateau de Versailles Impressed with the location of Versailles during his hunting trips in the surrounding forests, Louis XIII ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624 The chateau is one of the largest palaces in the world. It has more than 700 rooms, 2000 windows, 1250 fireplaces, 67 staircases and more than 1800 acres of park. The most famous feature of the Palace of Versailles is the Hall of Mirrors. Spanning across a length of 240 feet the hall was once used to be lit with 3,000 candles. On the either side of the hallway are two salons namely the ‘de la guerre’ and the Hall of Mirrors called ‘de la paix’. The Chateau is famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy.

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Louis & Protestantism Further helped absolute monarchy by smashing the power of the Huguenots. What did the Edict of Nantes do? Even Richelieu’s strongest efforts could not eliminate the protection it provided the Huguenots In 1685 Louis revoked the edict and outlawed Protestantism. 200,000 Huguenots fled France, many were successful artisans and merchants, the loss of their skills caused a huge financial crisis for France.

$$$ Due to Louis’ extravagant lifestyle always demanded more money Minister of Finance Jean-Baptist Colbert literally saved the treasury by Limiting imports, increasing exports, simplifying the tax system. Louis expanded army from 70 k to 200 k soldiers supplying them with the best equipment. Became most powerful ruler in Europe and took France to war four times. Spent so much money on war that he eventually even melted down royal silver to pay for army supplies. Most costly war was War of the Spanish Succession, when Spanish king died without an heir, three rulers claimed that they should name the successor, Louis was one of three who wanted it for his son.

Wars Obviously European monarchs did not want Spain and France so connected. In 1701 England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went to war against France. In N. America, this conflict was connected to a phase of the French and Indian Wars Treaty of Utrecht signed to stop fighting. Stated that Louis’s grandson could rule the throne but France and Spain could never be ruled by the same monarch. Louis had to give up the territory he had taken. Louis passed away in 1715 still an absolute monarch

Independent Work You are to write a series of newspaper headlines that report the course of Louis XIV’s policies and actions as king. You may be either supportive or critical. You should express a consistent point of view. After write a paragraph discussing how the events of Louis XIV’s reign, and what do they reveal about his attitude toward power?